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grammar_case [2020/02/16 12:43] – [Case forms of pronouns] morgoth | grammar_case [2023/09/07 19:38] (current) – external edit 127.0.0.1 | ||
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- | Nûrlâm has 15 cases formed mostly by [[adpositions|postpositions]] which are usually translated into English as prepositions, | + | Nûrlâm has 14 cases formed mostly by [[adpositions|postpositions]] which are usually translated into English as prepositions, |
Certain [[grammar_verb|verbs]] require their objects to be in specific case or may even change their meaning depending on object' | Certain [[grammar_verb|verbs]] require their objects to be in specific case or may even change their meaning depending on object' | ||
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- | Locative and marginal cases (except Ergative) changes | + | Locative and marginal cases change |
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==== Relation of locative cases ==== | ==== Relation of locative cases ==== | ||
- | ^ Status of motion | + | The table below shows better the distinction between various [[: |
- | ^ ::: ^ Interior | + | |
- | | **approaching**,\\ motion to | | + | {{page> |
- | | **stationary** | + | |
- | | **departing**,\\ motion from | Elative\\ **// | + | However, while the difference between |
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==== Case forms of pronouns ==== | ==== Case forms of pronouns ==== | ||
- | Case forms are given for // | + | Case forms are given for // |
- | {{page> | + | {{page>include:pronoun_cases}} |
- | ^ Case ^ Person | + | |
- | ^ ::: ^ 1st ^ 2nd ^ 3rd ^^^^^ | + | |
- | ^ ::: ^ sing.\\ **//I//** ^ sing.\\ **//you, thou//** ^ sing. m.\\ **//he//** ^ sing. f.\\ **//she//** ^ sing. n.\\ **//it//** ^ pl.\\ **// | + | |
- | | NOM | izg | lat | ta | na | za | tak | ut | | + | |
- | | GEN | **izub** | + | |
- | ** | | + | |
- | | DAT | izgûr | + | |
- | ** | | + | |
- | | ACC | **izish** | + | |
- | | INS | izgirzi | + | |
- | | ERG((ergative case is avoided for personal pronouns, see [[syntax_ergative# | + | |
- | | COM | **isha** | + | |
- | | ESS | **issi** | + | |
- | | ABL | **izbo** | + | |
- | | ADE | izgir | latir | **tashir** | **nashir** | zazir | takir | **ulir** | | + | |
- | | ALL | izgu | latu | tazu | nazu | zazu | taku | **ulu** | | + | |
- | | ELA | izgah | latah | tazah | nazah | zazah | takah | **ulah** | | + | |
- | | ILL | **izishi** | latishi | tashi | nashi | zashi | takishi | **ulishi** | | + | |
- | | INE | izgor | lator | **tashor** | **nashor** | zazor | takor | **ulor** | | + | |
- | | ITRT | **izri** | + | |
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===== Evolution of cases in Black Speech ===== | ===== Evolution of cases in Black Speech ===== | ||
- | Probably every postposition was meant to be a specific case ending in ancient forms of Black Speech. In // | + | Probably every postposition was meant to be a specific case ending in ancient forms of Black Speech. Orc-curse copies English grammar in cases (lacking of them) and using prepositions instead of postpositions. So, the following [[black_speech_evolution|stages]] of dropping out the cases are assumed: |
- | - //Ergative case// rejected, caused by changing the [[syntax_ergative|Ergative]] alignment to [[syntax_nominative|Nominative-Accusative]] and structure from SOV to SVO. It may be still used in passive-like constructions, | + | |
- // | - // | ||
- merging // | - merging // | ||
- abandoning of // | - abandoning of // | ||
- | - only 7 cases are left in Svartiska: // | + | - only 7 cases are left in [[black_speech_dialects# |
- | - Shadowlandian dialect does not name postpositions as cases but still have special grammatical meanings of remaining ones. It uses the form of Allative case as Dative at least for pronouns. So, five cases (// | + | - [[[black_speech_dialects# |
- in Colloquial Svartiska only four cases (// | - in Colloquial Svartiska only four cases (// | ||
- no cases in [[Orcish curse]]. Probably, // | - no cases in [[Orcish curse]]. Probably, // |