Nûrlâm –
Black Speech
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differences_from_shadowlandian [2023/01/15 14:43] – [Pronouns] morgothdifferences_from_shadowlandian [2023/09/07 19:38] (current) – external edit 127.0.0.1
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 Shadowlandian treated the suffix //-at// as infinitive or 3rd person singular marker. PE#17 states, that //-at// is a suffix of //participle//, but translated as infinitive of purpose, or expression "for" + gerund. Nûrlâm author suggests the term //[[grammar_gerundive|gerundive]]//, as the similar construct resembling simultaneously infinitive, gerund and participle was used in Latin. Please, keep in mind: Nûrlâm's gerundive is not a direct equivalent of Latin's, and their usage may differ sometimes. Thus, //-at// in Nûrlâm is used only as gerundive. Shadowlandian treated the suffix //-at// as infinitive or 3rd person singular marker. PE#17 states, that //-at// is a suffix of //participle//, but translated as infinitive of purpose, or expression "for" + gerund. Nûrlâm author suggests the term //[[grammar_gerundive|gerundive]]//, as the similar construct resembling simultaneously infinitive, gerund and participle was used in Latin. Please, keep in mind: Nûrlâm's gerundive is not a direct equivalent of Latin's, and their usage may differ sometimes. Thus, //-at// in Nûrlâm is used only as gerundive.
  
-To resolve ambiguity, Nûrlâm introduced new suffix for [[grammar_infinitive|pure infinitive]], //-ut//. Infinitives in Nûrlâm are used almost exclusively in [[syntax_predicate#compound_predicate|compound predicates]], e.g. with [[modal verbs]]. They are also used as subject or object of the sentence, which is rare. You can compare usage of gerundive and infinitive in [[include:infinitive_vs_gerundive|this table]]. By the way, "to resolve amgiguity" is gerundive, and "can compare" should be translated into Nûrlâm as modal verb "pâsh" + infinitive "bîkut" (despite "to" not used in English).+To resolve ambiguity, Nûrlâm introduced new suffix for [[grammar_infinitive|pure infinitive]], //-ut//. Infinitives in Nûrlâm are used almost exclusively in [[syntax_predicate#compound_predicate|compound predicates]], e.g. with [[modal verbs]]. They are also used as subject or object of the sentence, which is rare. You can compare usage of gerundive and infinitive in [[include:infinitive_vs_gerundive|this table]]. By the way, "to resolve ambiguity" is gerundive, and "can compare" should be translated into Nûrlâm as modal verb "pâsh" + infinitive "bîkut" (despite "to" not used in English).
  
 Nûrlâm also changed verbs' singular marker from //-at// to //-â(t)// (//-t-// is inserted only if other suffix starting with vowel follows 3rd person marker).  Nûrlâm also changed verbs' singular marker from //-at// to //-â(t)// (//-t-// is inserted only if other suffix starting with vowel follows 3rd person marker). 
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 Personal pronouns differ in all Neo-Black Speech dialects. Nûrlâm had to do it too. In PE#17 it is stated that "the verbal system [of Black Speech] must have included pronominal suffixes expressing the object, as well as those indicating the subject" and "particles indicating subject were usually prefixed". Thence Standard Nûrlâm dialect have complex pronoun system with two sets of pronouns: prefixed subject pronouns((tha can be written separately too)) and suffixed object pronouns. The article about [[pronouns]] have a full list of personal pronouns. Please note, that pronouns in grammatical cases besides Nominative and Accusative have a case suffix attached to subject form, and they are written separately from the verb. Personal pronouns differ in all Neo-Black Speech dialects. Nûrlâm had to do it too. In PE#17 it is stated that "the verbal system [of Black Speech] must have included pronominal suffixes expressing the object, as well as those indicating the subject" and "particles indicating subject were usually prefixed". Thence Standard Nûrlâm dialect have complex pronoun system with two sets of pronouns: prefixed subject pronouns((tha can be written separately too)) and suffixed object pronouns. The article about [[pronouns]] have a full list of personal pronouns. Please note, that pronouns in grammatical cases besides Nominative and Accusative have a case suffix attached to subject form, and they are written separately from the verb.
  
-Nûrlâm supports subdialects. So-called "Modern" or "Colloquial" Nûrlâm has pronouns similar to Shadowlandian, but it's grammar is very different, it is intended to copy analytic English morphosyntax. All pronouns in Modern Nûrlâm are written separately from verbs. +Nûrlâm supports subdialects. So-called [[syntax_analytic|"Modern" or "Colloquial" Nûrlâm]] has pronouns similar to Shadowlandian, but it's grammar is very different, it is intended to copy analytic English morphosyntax. All pronouns in Modern Nûrlâm are written separately from verbs. 
  
 Demonstrative, relative, indefinite and question pronouns in Nûrlâm are organized into pretty regular system inspired by Esperanto and Japanese. The whole list of them is presented in article about [[proform|Pro-forms]]. Demonstrative, relative, indefinite and question pronouns in Nûrlâm are organized into pretty regular system inspired by Esperanto and Japanese. The whole list of them is presented in article about [[proform|Pro-forms]].
differences_from_shadowlandian.1673783039.txt.gz · Last modified: 2023/06/05 21:23 (external edit)
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