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--- clitics [2019/03/13 15:05] – [Clitics in Nûrlâm] morgoth
+++ clitics [2023/09/07 19:38] (current) – external edit 127.0.0.1
@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 ====== Clitics =======
-//Clitics// are words attached to other words (//host//s) as affixes but playing role in syntax as separate elements. Examples of clitics in English are shortened verbs (//-'s// from //is//, //-'re// from //are//), particle //not// (becoming //-n't//), adverb //-like//. The main rules for recognizing clitics from affixes and compound words are:
+**//Clitics//** are words attached to other words (//host//s) as affixes but playing role in syntax as separate elements. Examples of clitics in English are shortened verbs (//-'s// from //is//, //-'re// from //are//), particle //not// (becoming //-n't//), adverb //-like//. The main rules for recognizing clitics from affixes and compound words are:
   * they should not modify basic meaning of host words;
   * they can be written separately (but in the same order) without changing the sense of phrase;
@@ Line 6: / Line 6: @@
 See [[wp>clitic|Wikipedia article]] about clitics for more theoretical information.
+-----------------------------
 ===== Clitics in Nûrlâm =====
-Clitics play a major role in [[Nûrlâm]]'s [[grammar]] and [[syntax]]. They are written as one word with their hosts or separated by hyphen but usually translated into English as separate words. Typical lexical categories that become clitics are:
+Clitics play an important role in [[Nûrlâm]]'s [[grammar]] and [[syntax]]. They are written as one word with their hosts or separated by hyphen but usually translated into English as separate words. Typical lexical categories that often used as clitics are:
-  * Postpositions attached to nouns and pronouns as case suffixes and to verbs as derivational suffixes.
+  * [[adpositions|Postpositions]] attached to nouns and pronouns as [[grammar_case|case]] suffixes and to verbs as derivational affixes.
-  * Pronouns attached to verbs as suffixes of person.
+  * Pronouns attached to verbs as suffixes or prefixes of [[grammar_person|person]].
-  * Adverbs attached to verbs as suffixes of aspect.
+  * [[grammar_adverb|Adverbs]] attached to verbs as suffixes of [[grammar_aspect|aspect]].
-  * Short adjectives attached to noun without any grammar function but retaining determiner function in syntax.
+  * Short [[grammar_adjective|adjectives]], [[proform|pro-adjectives]] and [[pronouns#possessive_pronouns|possessive pronouns]] attached to noun without any grammar function but retaining [[syntax_determiner|determiner]] function in syntax.
-  * Demonstrative pronouns attached to noun as definite articles.
+  * [[pronouns#demonstrative_pronouns|Demonstrative pronouns]] attached to [[grammar_noun|noun]] as definite articles.
+  * Definite article //-um// (however may be treated as particularizing suffix).
+Only short single-syllable words become clitic.
+Since clitics often pronounced separately in colloquial speech, and were used instead of proper [[suffix_inflectional|inflectional]] (grammatical) suffixes, they became one of main reasons of shifting from [[morphology#morphological_typology_of_nurlam|agglutinative]] to [[syntax_analytic|analytical]] style of language.
+==== Concatenation vs. Separate spelling ====
+{{page>include:concatenation}}

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