This shows you the differences between two versions of the page.
Both sides previous revisionPrevious revisionNext revision | Previous revision | ||
case_locative [2021/10/29 22:06] – [Adessive case] morgoth | case_locative [2023/09/07 19:38] (current) – external edit 127.0.0.1 | ||
---|---|---|---|
Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
====== Locative cases ====== | ====== Locative cases ====== | ||
- | [[Nûrlâm]] has a group of [[grammar_case|grammatical cases]] intended for marking locations and directions of movement. They are collectively called **// | + | |
+ | [[Nûrlâm]] has a group of [[grammar_case|grammatical cases]] intended for marking locations and directions of movement | ||
{{page> | {{page> | ||
- | English and many other languages has confusing rules on using prepositions indicating position. In Nûrlâm they are used only literally according to the summary table above (except some abstract nouns). So the usage of locative words may differ from English. For example, if you want say "He lives in Mordor", | + | English and many other languages has confusing rules on using prepositions indicating position. In Nûrlâm they are used only literally according to the summary table above (except some abstract nouns). So the usage of locative words may differ from English. For example, if you want say "He lives in Mordor", |
+ | |||
+ | Unlike other languages, locative words never express time in Nûrlâm, but some [[adpositions# | ||
+ | |||
+ | ---- | ||
- | Unlike other languages, locative words never express time in Nûrlâm, but some [[adpositions# | ||
- | ------------------------- | ||
===== Ablative case ===== | ===== Ablative case ===== | ||
+ | |||
**// | **// | ||
+ | |||
* from the top of object, like falling: "He fell off the cliff" = " | * from the top of object, like falling: "He fell off the cliff" = " | ||
* from outside of object: "He came out of this place" = " | * from outside of object: "He came out of this place" = " | ||
- | * old owner of direct object, including taking off objects (clothes, tools, weapons) from body or hands to other surfaces or persons: "I took ring off his body" = " | + | * old owner of direct object, including taking off objects (clothes, tools, weapons) from body or hands to other surfaces or persons: "I took ring off his body" = " |
* long distance from object (including static position) together with postposition " | * long distance from object (including static position) together with postposition " | ||
It should not be mixed with //Elative case// which has similar meaning (see below). Ablative is specially not used with geographical names. | It should not be mixed with //Elative case// which has similar meaning (see below). Ablative is specially not used with geographical names. | ||
- | |||
===== Adessive case ===== | ===== Adessive case ===== | ||
+ | |||
**// | **// | ||
+ | |||
* static position on the surface: "The flea is sitting on my hair" = "Abhum duzâ zud**ir** dab"; | * static position on the surface: "The flea is sitting on my hair" = "Abhum duzâ zud**ir** dab"; | ||
* static position on top of the object: "I left the ring on the table" = " | * static position on top of the object: "I left the ring on the table" = " | ||
* motion of subject without leaving the surface (or top) of the object: "A louse is crawling on my skin" = "Ash abh smûghâ daft**ir** dab"; | * motion of subject without leaving the surface (or top) of the object: "A louse is crawling on my skin" = "Ash abh smûghâ daft**ir** dab"; | ||
* location on the road, street (including address), shore, bank of the river, etc.: "He lives on the streets" | * location on the road, street (including address), shore, bank of the river, etc.: "He lives on the streets" | ||
- | * position on the level/floor of the building or dungeon: " | + | * position on the level/floor of the building or dungeon: " |
* position in close proximity of the object, together with postposition " | * position in close proximity of the object, together with postposition " | ||
===== Allative case ===== | ===== Allative case ===== | ||
+ | |||
**// | **// | ||
+ | |||
* motion towards surface or border of object: "Army is marching to the gates of Gondor!" | * motion towards surface or border of object: "Army is marching to the gates of Gondor!" | ||
* motion from bottom to the top (including metaphors): "Fly to the sky!" = "Skoir nût**u**!"; | * motion from bottom to the top (including metaphors): "Fly to the sky!" = "Skoir nût**u**!"; | ||
Line 35: | Line 43: | ||
==== Overlaps with other cases ==== | ==== Overlaps with other cases ==== | ||
+ | |||
Please notice, that phrase "One does not simply walk into Mordor" | Please notice, that phrase "One does not simply walk into Mordor" | ||
Line 42: | Line 51: | ||
===== Elative case ===== | ===== Elative case ===== | ||
+ | |||
**//Elative case//** is formed by clitic postposition //-ah// for declension class I and //-zah// for declension class II. It can be translated with English prepositions "out of", " | **//Elative case//** is formed by clitic postposition //-ah// for declension class I and //-zah// for declension class II. It can be translated with English prepositions "out of", " | ||
+ | |||
* motion from the place, region, geographical area: "I came from Mordor" | * motion from the place, region, geographical area: "I came from Mordor" | ||
* leaving closed area, room, building: "He escaped from the dungeon" | * leaving closed area, room, building: "He escaped from the dungeon" | ||
- | * motion from inside of the object: "Blood is draining out of me" = " | + | * motion from inside of the object: "Blood is draining out of me" = " |
* motion from the bottom, motion from object lying below the other: "I have climbed from the ground" | * motion from the bottom, motion from object lying below the other: "I have climbed from the ground" | ||
* transformation of subject from material or object: "The city arose from the ashes" = "Goium tulguz hîsht**ah**", | * transformation of subject from material or object: "The city arose from the ashes" = "Goium tulguz hîsht**ah**", | ||
* material (interchangeable with [[case_genitive|Genitive case]]): "This ring is made of gold" = "Za nazg kulâ krampuga lûr**ah**"; | * material (interchangeable with [[case_genitive|Genitive case]]): "This ring is made of gold" = "Za nazg kulâ krampuga lûr**ah**"; | ||
- | |||
===== Illative case ===== | ===== Illative case ===== | ||
+ | |||
**// | **// | ||
+ | |||
* movement inside body, room, substance, etc., within its borders without leaving it: "Fish swims in the sea" = "Skab luntâ kârsh**ishi**"; | * movement inside body, room, substance, etc., within its borders without leaving it: "Fish swims in the sea" = "Skab luntâ kârsh**ishi**"; | ||
* motion to the inside of object (such as body, room, building, geographical region, etc.), entering, crossing the border: "One does not simply walk into Mordor" | * motion to the inside of object (such as body, room, building, geographical region, etc.), entering, crossing the border: "One does not simply walk into Mordor" | ||
* motion to the bottom (including metaphorical): | * motion to the bottom (including metaphorical): | ||
* transformation into another form, transformation of material: "Troll turned to stone with sunlight" | * transformation into another form, transformation of material: "Troll turned to stone with sunlight" | ||
- | |||
===== Inessive case ===== | ===== Inessive case ===== | ||
+ | |||
**// | **// | ||
+ | |||
* static position in region, geographical area, room, building, etc.: "I live in Mordor" | * static position in region, geographical area, room, building, etc.: "I live in Mordor" | ||
* the same with further clarification or accentuation with postposition " | * the same with further clarification or accentuation with postposition " | ||
* place of work: "I work in the stone pits" = "Dabul gundronk**or**"; | * place of work: "I work in the stone pits" = "Dabul gundronk**or**"; | ||
- | * with impersonal constructions of possession like "There are 6 teeth in Gollum' | + | |
- | * to express location that is part of bigger object (similar to previous example): "with hate in his heart" = " | + | |
+ | * to express location that is part of bigger object (similar to previous example): "with hate in his heart" = " | ||
- | Inessive case is **not** used for indicating purpose or receiving a benefit ("in order to" - gerundive; "in memory of", "in loving memory" | + | Inessive case is **not** used for indicating purpose or receiving a benefit ("in order to" |
===== Intrative case ===== | ===== Intrative case ===== | ||
+ | |||
**// | **// | ||
+ | |||
* location between object in plural form: "Look between these (two) trees!" | * location between object in plural form: "Look between these (two) trees!" | ||
* the same but with two different objects: " | * the same but with two different objects: " | ||
Line 79: | Line 95: | ||
Please note that motion within the borders of location or surface of object is denoted with // | Please note that motion within the borders of location or surface of object is denoted with // | ||
- | --------------------------------------------------------------- | + | ---- |
===== Other cases used as locative or confused with them ===== | ===== Other cases used as locative or confused with them ===== | ||
+ | |||
Some grammatical and marginal cases may be confused with certain locative cases due to their usage in English. | Some grammatical and marginal cases may be confused with certain locative cases due to their usage in English. | ||
==== Genitive vs. Elative ==== | ==== Genitive vs. Elative ==== | ||
+ | |||
As Elative case may be expressed with English compound preposition "out of", it may be confused with Genitive case. Elative case is used when "out of" may be replaced semantically with " | As Elative case may be expressed with English compound preposition "out of", it may be confused with Genitive case. Elative case is used when "out of" may be replaced semantically with " | ||
==== Dative vs. Allative ==== | ==== Dative vs. Allative ==== | ||
- | [[case_dative|Dative case]] may be confused with Allative as they are both expressed with English preposition " | + | |
+ | [[case_dative|Dative case]] may be confused with Allative as they are both expressed with English preposition " | ||
In Nûrlâm these are two distinct cases. If " | In Nûrlâm these are two distinct cases. If " | ||
==== Instrumental ==== | ==== Instrumental ==== | ||
- | <WRAP center round todo 60%> | + | English preposition " |
- | < | + | |
- | </ | + | |
- | + | ||
- | English preposition " | + | |
==== Comitative case ==== | ==== Comitative case ==== | ||
+ | |||
[[case_comitative|Comitative case]] may denote a very close proximity of object and subject but with a tone of //alienable possession// | [[case_comitative|Comitative case]] may denote a very close proximity of object and subject but with a tone of //alienable possession// | ||
==== Essive case ==== | ==== Essive case ==== | ||
+ | |||
[[case_essive|Essive case]] is used in Uralic languages similarly to locative case but regarding to time (Finnish " | [[case_essive|Essive case]] is used in Uralic languages similarly to locative case but regarding to time (Finnish " | ||
- | --------------------------------------- | + | ---- |
===== Evolution of locative cases ===== | ===== Evolution of locative cases ===== | ||
+ | |||
Ancient Black Speech probably had a large number of locative cases expressed by postpositions, | Ancient Black Speech probably had a large number of locative cases expressed by postpositions, | ||
+ | |||
- Adessive (-ir) and Inessive (-or) cases had merged ending for declension class II into " | - Adessive (-ir) and Inessive (-or) cases had merged ending for declension class II into " | ||
- Illative case (-ishi) took the function of Adessive and Inessive. | - Illative case (-ishi) took the function of Adessive and Inessive. | ||
Line 112: | Line 133: | ||
- Replacing locative case postpositions with prepositions and objects in accusative case, except for Tolkien' | - Replacing locative case postpositions with prepositions and objects in accusative case, except for Tolkien' | ||
- All locative cases abandoned, prepositions used instead. | - All locative cases abandoned, prepositions used instead. | ||
+ | |||
+ |