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case_instrumental [2022/02/11 18:45] – morgothcase_instrumental [2023/09/07 19:38] (current) – external edit 127.0.0.1
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 **//Instrumental case//** ([[abbreviations|abbreviated]] as INS) is the grammatical [[grammar_case|case]] that marks tools and means of an action. In [[Nûrlâm]] it is marked with [[adpositions|postposition]] "-irzi" for [[declension_classes|declension]] class I and "-rzi" for declension class II, which can be translated into English as "by", "by means of", "with use of", "using", "through (use of)", "via", etc. Instrumental case changes the role of nouns and pronouns into [[syntax_adverbials|adverbial]]. Typical applications of instrumental case in Nûrlâm include: **//Instrumental case//** ([[abbreviations|abbreviated]] as INS) is the grammatical [[grammar_case|case]] that marks tools and means of an action. In [[Nûrlâm]] it is marked with [[adpositions|postposition]] "-irzi" for [[declension_classes|declension]] class I and "-rzi" for declension class II, which can be translated into English as "by", "by means of", "with use of", "using", "through (use of)", "via", etc. Instrumental case changes the role of nouns and pronouns into [[syntax_adverbials|adverbial]]. Typical applications of instrumental case in Nûrlâm include:
   * to indicate instrument of an action: "I cut the tree with an axe" = "Dagrish orn pulk__irzi__", "send by (messenger) raven" = "hîst krag__irzi__";   * to indicate instrument of an action: "I cut the tree with an axe" = "Dagrish orn pulk__irzi__", "send by (messenger) raven" = "hîst krag__irzi__";
-  * to indicate the agent of passive action expressed by passive [[grammar_participle|participle]] ("The tree was cut by me" = "Ornum grishaga da__rzi__") or [[grammar_gerundive|gerundive]] ("The tree to be cut by me" = "Ornum (kulâ) grishat da__rzi__"). +  * to indicate the agent of passive action expressed by passive [[grammar_participle|participle]] or verb ("The tree that was cut by me" = "Ornum grishaga da__rzi__") or [[grammar_gerundive|gerundive]] ("The tree to be cut by me" = "Ornum (kulâ) grishat da__rzi__"). 
   * make distributive numerals: "one by one" = "ash ash__irzi__", "stand by fours" = "bin hant__irzi__";   * make distributive numerals: "one by one" = "ash ash__irzi__", "stand by fours" = "bin hant__irzi__";
   * locative function denoting motion through the object or some media ("they came by the sea" = "Takskâtuz kârsh__irzi__"), may be further clarified by adding postposition "tuk" (through): "Takskâtuz kârsh__irzi__ tuk"; this function is sometimes called Prolative, Prosecutive or Vialis case;   * locative function denoting motion through the object or some media ("they came by the sea" = "Takskâtuz kârsh__irzi__"), may be further clarified by adding postposition "tuk" (through): "Takskâtuz kârsh__irzi__ tuk"; this function is sometimes called Prolative, Prosecutive or Vialis case;
case_instrumental.1644594349.txt.gz · Last modified: 2023/09/07 14:46 (external edit)
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