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--- case_comitative [2020/09/12 17:30] – morgoth
+++ case_comitative [2021/11/06 20:03] – morgoth
@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 ====== Comitative case ======
-**//Comitative case//** ([[abbreviations|abbreviated]] as COM) is the grammatical [[grammar_case|case]] that denotes accompaniment. In [[Nûrlâm]] it is marked with [[adpositions|postposition]] "-sha" for both [[declension classes]], which can be translated into English as preposition "together with" or just "with". Comitative case changes the role of nouns and pronouns into [[syntax_adverbials|adverbial]]. Typical applications include:
+**//Comitative case//** ([[abbreviations|abbreviated]] as COM) is the grammatical [[grammar_case|case]] that denotes accompaniment. In [[Nûrlâm]] it is marked with [[adpositions|postposition]] "-sha" for both [[declension classes]], which can be translated into English as preposition "together with" or just "with". Comitative case changes the role of nouns and pronouns into [[syntax_adverbials|adverbial]] or sometimes [[syntax_determiner|modifier]]. Typical applications include:
   * to mark companion of an action: "Sauron conquered Gondor (together) with Saruman" = "Sauron paikuzâ Gunduzg Sharkû__sha__"((name Saruman replaced with his orcish moniker "sharkû"));
   * to mark two patients of an action: "Put Uglûk together with stinking Saruman-filth into the dung-pit" = "Gaith Uglûk Saruman-glob__sha__ pushdug bagronkishi" (see also [[orcish curse]]);
-  * with certain verbs, usually concerning speech: "he talks with orcs" = "tashugb uruk__sha__"; but "Tagashnuz uruk**ûr** zamash ..." ([[case_dative|Dative]] case) = "he told (to) orcs that ...";
+  * invitation to do an action together: "Go with me" = "ukh da__sha__", "sing with us" = "lash dak__sha__";
-  * invitation to do an action together: "Go with me" = "ukh da__sha__", "sing with us" = "lash dak__sha__"
+  * to mark the object that is [[syntax_possession|possessed]] by subject or another object: "orc with a knife" = "uruk kirm__sha__"
+  * to mark that object is filled with another objects of substance: "barrel with fish" = "kralt skab__sha__", sometimes may be replaced with [[case_genitive|genitive case]]: "barrel of ale" = "kralt hîmbob";
+  * to describe absence of object together with negative particle "nar" added //after// "-sha": "rain without end" = "miz nau__shanar__";
+  * to describe the subject or object with another noun, that is (not) it's part: "Kolk kulâ zân unral__sha__nar" = "Beaker is mug without handle";
+  * to describe that action is done with (or without) some emotion or quality: "Dog bal__sha__" = "Kill with power", "Kîb borz __sha__" = "Live peacefully", "Mauk gorm__sha__nar" = "To fight without honor";
+  * to mark the object that is present/absent very closely to the subject: "Tabrus ash kirm îm__sha__" = "He has a knife with him(self)";
+  * to mark grammatical object that has grammatical subject in close proximity: "Kirm (kulâ) ta__sha__" = "Knife is with him";
+  * with certain verbs, usually concerning speech with multiple objects (similar to second point): "he talks with orcs" = "tashugb uruk__sha__"; but "Tagashnuz uruk**ûr** zamash ..." ([[case_dative|Dative]] case) = "he told (to) orcs that ...";
+  * marks simultaneous action if time is expressed with noun or pronoun: "Trolls turn to stone with dawn" = "Olog-hai ragû gundishi ânsh-__sha__"
 ===== Comitative vs. Instrumental case =====

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