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black_speech_evolution [2020/08/17 11:48] – morgoth | black_speech_evolution [2023/09/07 19:38] (current) – external edit 127.0.0.1 | ||
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====== Internal history of the Black Speech (fictional) ====== | ====== Internal history of the Black Speech (fictional) ====== | ||
- | |||
- | If the A. Nemirovsky' | ||
- | * The language initially had [[wp> | ||
- | * Nouns and verbs have numerous grammar forms expressed by long chain of suffixes; | ||
- | * // | ||
- | |||
Analysis of the Ring Verse inscription((published in PE 17)), some geographical and personal names gives us such distinct features as: | Analysis of the Ring Verse inscription((published in PE 17)), some geographical and personal names gives us such distinct features as: | ||
* Adjectives and other descriptive words are placed //after// the word they describe, but this rule is not very strict even for Tolkien' | * Adjectives and other descriptive words are placed //after// the word they describe, but this rule is not very strict even for Tolkien' | ||
* Nouns do not have plural form, but verbs and pronouns // | * Nouns do not have plural form, but verbs and pronouns // | ||
- | * Personal | + | * Subjective personal |
+ | * Objective personal pronouns are //suffixed// to verbs; | ||
* The verb have special form combining features of infinitive, participle and gerund. | * The verb have special form combining features of infinitive, participle and gerund. | ||
+ | |||
+ | If the [[Alexandre Nemirovsky]]' | ||
+ | * Nouns and verbs have numerous grammar forms expressed by long chain of suffixes; | ||
+ | * // | ||
+ | But the significant feature of Hurrian language is [[wp> | ||
[[Nûrlâm]] is considered to exist in time between Classical Black Speech and orcish dialects (Svartiska, Shadowlandian, | [[Nûrlâm]] is considered to exist in time between Classical Black Speech and orcish dialects (Svartiska, Shadowlandian, | ||
- | * Move to Nominative-Accusative alignment with SVO (Subject-Verb-Object) structure, thus copying verb's order of pronominal affixes; | ||
* Restricting number of cases to 15 and make others standalone postpositions; | * Restricting number of cases to 15 and make others standalone postpositions; | ||
* Added prepositions and more prefixes. | * Added prepositions and more prefixes. | ||
+ | However some hypothetical features of Classical Black Speech are used for [[archaic style]] of Nûrlâm. | ||
Taking in account rules of other dialects, their real use and common mistakes, modern Black Speech has tendency to copy English grammar and syntax: | Taking in account rules of other dialects, their real use and common mistakes, modern Black Speech has tendency to copy English grammar and syntax: | ||
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* Infinitives merged with gerundives taking suffix //-at//, they become used for 3rd person or even all verbs. | * Infinitives merged with gerundives taking suffix //-at//, they become used for 3rd person or even all verbs. | ||
- | Nûrlâm dialect supports these tendencies too but considering | + | Nûrlâm dialect supports these tendencies too but considers |
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\\ | \\ | ||
==== Syntax ==== | ==== Syntax ==== | ||
- | ^ Feature ^ | + | ^ Feature ^ |
- | ^ ::: ^ Tolkien' | + | ^ ::: ^ Tolkien' |
- | ^ ::: ^ ::: ^ Zhâburi B | + | ^ ::: ^ ::: ^ Zhâburi B ^ Standard Nûrlâm ^ Svartiska ^ Shadowlandian ^ Colloquial Nûrlâm ^ ::: ^ |
- | | Syntactical alignment | ? | ergative | + | | Syntactical alignment | ? | ergative | nominative-accusative ||||| |
- | | Subject, object and verb's word order | ? | SOV | SOV | SVO ||||| | + | | Subject, object and verb's word order | ? | SOV | SVO ||||| |
- | | Determiner' | + | | Determiner' |
\\ | \\ | ||
==== Grammar ==== | ==== Grammar ==== | ||
- | ^ Feature ^ | + | ^ Feature ^ |
- | ^ ::: ^ Tolkien' | + | ^ ::: ^ Tolkien' |
- | ^ ::: ^ ::: ^ Zhâburi B ^ Archaic Nûrlâm | + | ^ ::: ^ ::: ^ Zhâburi B ^ Standard Nûrlâm ^ Svartiska ^ Shadowlandian ^ Colloquial Nûrlâm ^ ::: ^ |
- | | Animacy | + | | Animacy | no | no | affects 3rd person pronouns | ? | affects 3rd person pronouns and noun's plural form | affects 3rd person pronouns | probably |
- | | 3rd person pronoun gender | + | | 3rd person pronoun gender | no | no | no | yes (f, m, n) | yes (common / feminine) | (f, m, n) only for standalone pronouns | probably | |
- | | Gender modifier | ? | no | no | yes (-niz) | ? | yes (-lob) | yes (-niz) | not attested | | + | | Gender modifier | ? | no | yes (-niz) | ? | yes (-lob) | yes (-niz) | not attested | |
- | | Number | no | no | only for 3rd person (pronouns and verbs) | + | | Number | no | no | for all verbs and 3rd person pronouns | all |||| |
- | | Declension classes | ? | 3 ((only for definite article)) | 2 ||||| ? | | + | | Declension classes | ? | 3 ((only for definite article)) | 2 |||| ? | |
- | | Cases | many | 8 | 15 | 14, no ergative, accusative = nominative for nouns | 7 (3 – 4 in colloquial speech) | many or 6 (with accusative = nominative for nouns) depending on treatment | nominative, possessive and objective only for pronouns | no | | + | | Cases | many | 8 | 14, accusative = nominative for nouns | 7 (3 -- 4 in colloquial speech) | many or 6 (with accusative = nominative for nouns) depending on treatment | nominative, possessive and objective only for pronouns | no | |
- | | Postpositions | yes | yes | ~2/3 || few | yes | few | no | | + | | Postpositions | yes | yes | ~2/3 | few | yes | few | no | |
- | | Prepositions | no | no | ~1/3 || yes | few | yes | yes | | + | | Prepositions | no | no | ~1/3 | yes | few | yes | yes | |
\\ | \\ | ||
==== Morphology ==== | ==== Morphology ==== | ||
- | ^ Feature ^ | + | ^ Feature ^ |
- | ^ ::: ^ Tolkien' | + | ^ ::: ^ Tolkien' |
- | ^ ::: ^ ::: ^ Zhâburi B ^ Archaic Nûrlâm | + | ^ ::: ^ ::: ^ Zhâburi B ^ Standard Nûrlâm ^ Svartiska ^ Shadowlandian ^ Colloquial Nûrlâm ^ ::: ^ |
- | ^ Typology | + | ^ Typology |
- | | Agglutinative | + | | Agglutinative | highly | highly | highly | optionally | highly | optionally | no | |
- | | Polysynthetic | + | | Polysynthetic | yes | yes | yes | word derivation | yes | no | no | |
- | | Fusional | no | ? | little | + | | Fusional | no | ? | little | little | due to sound merging | no | no | |
- | | Analytical | no | no | little | + | | Analytical | no | no | little | optionally | some | optionally | highly | |
- | ^ Morphology | + | ^ Morphology |
- | | Suffixes | yes ||||||| yes | | + | | Suffixes | yes |||||| |
- | | Prefixes | yes((at least subject pronouns)) | + | | Prefixes | yes((at least subject pronouns)) | rare | yes |||| (very) possible | |
- | | Clitics | yes |||||| rare || | + | | Clitics | yes ||||| rare || |
\\ | \\ | ||
==== Phonology ==== | ==== Phonology ==== | ||
- | ^ Feature ^ | + | ^ Feature ^ |
- | ^ ::: ^ Tolkien' | + | ^ ::: ^ Tolkien' |
- | ^ ::: ^ ::: ^ Zhâburi B ^ Archaic Nûrlâm | + | ^ ::: ^ ::: ^ Zhâburi B ^ Standard Nûrlâm ^ Svartiska ^ Shadowlandian ^ Colloquial Nûrlâm ^ ::: ^ |
- | | a, i, u | yes |||||||| | + | | a, i, u | yes ||||||| |
- | | o | rare ||||||| quite frequent | | + | | o | rare |||||| quite frequent | |
- | | e | no | in borrowed words | no | no | yes | Svartiska borrowings | no | probably rare | | + | | e | no | in borrowed words | no | yes | Svartiska borrowings | no | probably rare | |
- | | p, b, t, d, th, s, z, sh, k, g, gh, m, n, f, h, l, r | yes |||||||| | + | | p, b, t, d, th, s, z, sh, k, g, gh, m, n, f, h, l, r | yes ||||||| |
- | | dh, zh, kh (ch), ng | not attested | yes | yes ||||| kh, others probably | | + | | dh, zh, kh (ch), ng | not attested | yes | yes |||| kh, others probably | |
- | | v | not attested | yes | no | no | yes | no | no | not attested | | + | | v | not attested | yes | no | yes | no | no | not attested | |
- | | j, y | not attested | no | rare | rare | yes | rare | rare | rare | | + | | j, y | not attested | no | rare | yes | rare | rare | rare | |
- | | qu | no ||||| yes, Quenya borrowings | no | no | | + | | qu | no |||| yes, Quenya borrowings | no | no | |
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