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--- black_speech_evolution [2020/05/22 17:59] – [Relation to other languages of Arda] morgoth
+++ black_speech_evolution [2023/09/07 19:38] (current) – external edit 127.0.0.1
@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 ====== Internal history of the Black Speech (fictional) ======
+Analysis of the Ring Verse inscription((published in PE 17)), some geographical and personal names gives us such distinct features as:
+  * Adjectives and other descriptive words are placed //after// the word they describe, but this rule is not very strict even for Tolkien's sources;
+  * Nouns do not have plural form, but verbs and pronouns //possibly// do;
+  * Subjective personal pronouns are //prefixed// to verbs;
+  * Objective personal pronouns are //suffixed// to verbs;
+  * The verb have special form combining features of infinitive, participle and gerund.
-If the A. Nemirovsky's hypothesis about connection between Black Speech and Hurrian languages is right then we can assume following things to be typical for early Black Speech:
+If the [[Alexandre Nemirovsky]]'s [[hurrian_hypothesis|hypothesis]] about connection between [[Black Speech]] and Hurrian languages is right then we can assume following things to be typical for early Black Speech:
-  * The language initially had [[wp>Ergative–absolutive_language|Ergative]] alignment with SOV (Subject-Object-Verb) sentence structure;
   * Nouns and verbs have numerous grammar forms expressed by long chain of suffixes;
   * //Post//positions and case suffixes are used instead of prepositions;
-  * Pronouns are placed after the corresponding word or attached to it as a suffix (or clitic);
+But the significant feature of Hurrian language is [[wp>Ergative–absolutive_language|Ergative]] alignment with SOV (Subject--Object--Verb) sentence structure, which has no evidence in known Tolkien's material.
-Analysis of the Ring Verse inscription, some geographical and personal names gives us such distinct features as:
-  * Adjectives and other descriptive words are placed //after// the word they describe, but this rule is not very strict even for Tolkien's sources;
-  * Nouns do not have plural form, but verbs and pronouns //possibly// do;
-Nûrlâm is considered to exist in time between Classical Black Speech and orcish dialects (Svartiska, Shadowlandian, etc.), and following changes occurred in it:
+[[Nûrlâm]] is considered to exist in time between Classical Black Speech and orcish dialects (Svartiska, Shadowlandian, etc.), and following changes occurred in it:
-  * Move to Nominative-Accusative alignment with SVO (Subject-Verb-Object) structure;
   * Restricting number of cases to 15 and make others standalone postpositions;
-  * Added prefixes and prepositions;
+  * Added prepositions and more prefixes.
+However some hypothetical features of Classical Black Speech are used for [[archaic style]] of Nûrlâm.
 Taking in account rules of other dialects, their real use and common mistakes, modern Black Speech has tendency to copy English grammar and syntax:
@@ Line 23: / Line 25: @@
   * Adjectives, adverbs, pronouns start being spelled before the words they describe;
   * Adding small hints of animacy and gender categories;
+  * Infinitives merged with gerundives taking suffix //-at//, they become used for 3rd person or even all verbs.
-Nûrlâm dialect supports these tendencies too but considering them as colloquial or dialectical.
+Nûrlâm dialect supports these tendencies too but considers them as [[syntax_analytic|colloquial]] or dialectical.
 ------------------------
@@ Line 32: / Line 35: @@
 \\
 ==== Syntax ====
-^ Feature ^   Dialects   ^^^^^^^^
+^ Feature ^   Dialects   ^^^^^^^
-^ :::     ^ Tolkien's Classical Black Speech((as in [[ring-verse|Ring Inscription]])) ^  Neo-Black Speech  ^^^^^^ Tolkien's\\ Debased Black Speech((as in [[Orcish Curse]])) ^
+^ :::     ^ Tolkien's Classical Black Speech((as in [[ring-verse|Ring Inscription]])) ^  Neo-Black Speech  ^^^^^ Tolkien's\\ Debased Black Speech((as in [[Orcish Curse]])) ^
-^ :::     ^ ::: ^ Zhâburi B ^ Archaic Nûrlâm ^ Standard Nûrlâm ^ Svartiska ^ Shadowlandian ^ Colloquial Nûrlâm ^ ::: ^
+^ :::     ^ ::: ^ Zhâburi B ^ Standard Nûrlâm ^ Svartiska ^ Shadowlandian ^ Colloquial Nûrlâm ^ ::: ^
-| Syntactical alignment | ? | ergative | ergative | nominative-accusative |||||
+| Syntactical alignment | ? | ergative | nominative-accusative |||||
-| Subject, object and verb's word order | ? | SOV | SOV | SVO |||||
+| Subject, object and verb's word order | ? | SOV | SVO |||||
-| Determiner's word order (adjectives, numerals) (before/after noun) | before (except compound words) | before | after | before (except compound words) | vary | after | before (except compound words) ||
+| Determiner's word order (adjectives, numerals) (before/after noun) | before (except compound words) | before | before (except compound words) | vary | after | before (except compound words) ||
 \\
 ==== Grammar ====
-^ Feature ^   Dialects   ^^^^^^^^
+^ Feature ^   Dialects   ^^^^^^^
-^ :::     ^ Tolkien's Classical Black Speech((as in [[ring-verse|Ring Inscription]])) ^  Neo-Black Speech  ^^^^^^ Tolkien's\\ Debased Black Speech((as in [[Orcish Curse]])) ^
+^ :::     ^ Tolkien's Classical Black Speech((as in [[ring-verse|Ring Inscription]])) ^  Neo-Black Speech  ^^^^^ Tolkien's\\ Debased Black Speech((as in [[Orcish Curse]])) ^
-^ :::     ^ ::: ^ Zhâburi B ^ Archaic Nûrlâm ^ Standard Nûrlâm ^ Svartiska ^ Shadowlandian ^ Colloquial Nûrlâm ^ ::: ^
+^ :::     ^ ::: ^ Zhâburi B ^ Standard Nûrlâm ^ Svartiska ^ Shadowlandian ^ Colloquial Nûrlâm ^ ::: ^
-| Animacy | no | no | no | affects 3rd person pronouns | ? | affects 3rd person pronouns and noun's plural form | affects 3rd person pronouns ||
+| Animacy | no | no | affects 3rd person pronouns | ? | affects 3rd person pronouns and noun's plural form | affects 3rd person pronouns | probably |
-| 3rd person pronoun gender | no | no | no | no | yes (f, m, n) | yes (common / feminine) | (f, m, n) only for standalone pronouns | probably |
+| 3rd person pronoun gender | no | no | no | yes (f, m, n) | yes (common / feminine) | (f, m, n) only for standalone pronouns | probably |
-| Gender modifier | ? | no | no | yes (-niz) | ? | yes (-lob) | yes (-niz) | not attested |
+| Gender modifier | ? | no | yes (-niz) | ? | yes (-lob) | yes (-niz) | not attested |
-| Number | no | no | only for 3rd person (pronouns and verbs) | for all verbs and 3rd person pronouns | all ||||
+| Number | no | no | for all verbs and 3rd person pronouns | all ||||
-| Declension classes | ? | 3 ((only for definite article)) | 2 ||||| ? |
+| Declension classes | ? | 3 ((only for definite article)) | 2 |||| ? |
-| Cases | many | 8 | 15 | 14, no ergative, accusative = nominative for nouns | 7 (3 – 4 in colloquial speech) | many or 6 (with accusative = nominative for nouns) depending on treatment | nominative, possessive and objective only for pronouns | no |
+| Cases | many | 8 | 14, accusative = nominative for nouns | 7 (3 -- 4 in colloquial speech) | many or 6 (with accusative = nominative for nouns) depending on treatment | nominative, possessive and objective only for pronouns | no |
-| Postpositions | yes | yes | ~2/3 || few | yes | few | no |
+| Postpositions | yes | yes | ~2/3 | few | yes | few | no |
-| Prepositions | no | no | ~1/3 || yes | few | yes | yes |
+| Prepositions | no | no | ~1/3 | yes | few | yes | yes |
 \\
 ==== Morphology ====
-^ Feature ^   Dialects   ^^^^^^^^
+^ Feature ^   Dialects   ^^^^^^^
-^ :::     ^ Tolkien's Classical Black Speech((as in [[ring-verse|Ring Inscription]])) ^  Neo-Black Speech  ^^^^^^ Tolkien's\\ Debased Black Speech((as in [[Orcish Curse]])) ^
+^ :::     ^ Tolkien's Classical Black Speech((as in [[ring-verse|Ring Inscription]])) ^  Neo-Black Speech  ^^^^^ Tolkien's\\ Debased Black Speech((as in [[Orcish Curse]])) ^
-^ :::     ^ ::: ^ Zhâburi B ^ Archaic Nûrlâm ^ Standard Nûrlâm ^ Svartiska ^ Shadowlandian ^ Colloquial Nûrlâm ^ ::: ^
+^ :::     ^ ::: ^ Zhâburi B ^ Standard Nûrlâm ^ Svartiska ^ Shadowlandian ^ Colloquial Nûrlâm ^ ::: ^
-^  Typology  |||||||||
+^  Typology  ||||||||
-| Agglutinative | highly | highly | highly | highly | optionally | highly | optionally | no |
+| Agglutinative | highly | highly | highly | optionally | highly | optionally | no |
-| Polysynthetic | yes | yes | yes | yes | word derivation | yes | no | no |
+| Polysynthetic | yes | yes | yes | word derivation | yes | no | no |
-| Fusional | no | ? | little | little | little | due to sound merging | no | no |
+| Fusional | no | ? | little | little | due to sound merging | no | no |
-| Analytical | no | no | little | little | optionally | some | optionally | highly |
+| Analytical | no | no | little | optionally | some | optionally | highly |
-^  Morphology  |||||||||
+^  Morphology  ||||||||
-| Suffixes | yes ||||||| yes |
+| Suffixes | yes |||||| rare |
-| Prefixes | yes((at least subject pronouns)) | yes | rare | yes |||| (very) possible |
+| Prefixes | yes((at least subject pronouns)) | rare | yes |||| (very) possible |
-| Clitics | yes |||||| rare ||
+| Clitics | yes ||||| rare ||
 \\
 ==== Phonology ====
-^ Feature ^   Dialects   ^^^^^^^^
+^ Feature ^   Dialects   ^^^^^^^
-^ :::     ^ Tolkien's Classical Black Speech((as in [[ring-verse|Ring Inscription]])) ^  Neo-Black Speech  ^^^^^^ Tolkien's\\ Debased Black Speech((as in [[Orcish Curse]])) ^
+^ :::     ^ Tolkien's Classical Black Speech((as in [[ring-verse|Ring Inscription]])) ^  Neo-Black Speech  ^^^^^ Tolkien's\\ Debased Black Speech((as in [[Orcish Curse]])) ^
-^ :::     ^ ::: ^ Zhâburi B ^ Archaic Nûrlâm ^ Standard Nûrlâm ^ Svartiska ^ Shadowlandian ^ Colloquial Nûrlâm ^ ::: ^
+^ :::     ^ ::: ^ Zhâburi B ^ Standard Nûrlâm ^ Svartiska ^ Shadowlandian ^ Colloquial Nûrlâm ^ ::: ^
-| a, i, u | yes ||||||||
+| a, i, u | yes |||||||
-| o | rare ||||||| quite frequent |
+| o | rare |||||| quite frequent |
-| e | no | in borrowed words | no | no | yes | Svartiska borrowings | no | probably rare |
+| e | no | in borrowed words | no | yes | Svartiska borrowings | no | probably rare |
-| p, b, t, d, th, s, z, sh, k, g, gh, m, n, f, h, l, r | yes ||||||||
+| p, b, t, d, th, s, z, sh, k, g, gh, m, n, f, h, l, r | yes |||||||
-| dh, zh, kh (ch), ng | not attested | yes | yes ||||| kh, others probably |
+| dh, zh, kh (ch), ng | not attested | yes | yes |||| kh, others probably |
-| v | not attested | yes | no | no | yes | no | no | not attested |
+| v | not attested | yes | no | yes | no | no | not attested |
-| j, y | not attested | no | rare | rare | yes | rare | rare | rare |
+| j, y | not attested | no | rare | yes | rare | rare | rare |
-| qu | no ||||| yes, Quenya borrowings | no | no |
+| qu | no |||| yes, Quenya borrowings | no | no |
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Nûrlâm –Black Speech dialect wiki

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Nûrlâm –
Black Speech
dialect wiki