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--- adpositions [2021/04/04 00:54] – [Standalone postpositions] morgoth
+++ adpositions [2023/09/07 19:38] (current) – external edit 127.0.0.1
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-<WRAP center round todo 60%>
-<todo>Examples needed</todo>
-</WRAP>
 ====== Adpositions ======
 **//Adpositions//** is the term combining //prepositions// and //postpositions// as they play similar role in the sentence. English language has only prepositions, but in many Uralic languages there are mostly postpositions and very few prepositions. //Classical Black Speech// is considered similar to them in that feature, but //Debased Black Speech// is closer to English. [[Nûrlâm]] supposed to be in between these two opposite concepts of language.
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 ^ Clitic ^ Grammatical case,\\ noun's declension class ^ Etymology ^ Translation ^
-| -b     | GEN, II | NL        | see //-ob// |
+| <wrap bs>-b</wrap>     | GEN, II | NL        | see //-ob// |
 | -bo    | ABL     | RE        | off, from (top to bottom) |
 | -ir    | ADE, I  | LOS       | on, on top of, at |
@@ Line 41: / Line 37: @@
 ^ Postposition ^ Etymology ^ Grammatical\\ case ^ Translation ^ Example ^
-| as   | LOS                  | ACC  | across, through ((Nûrlâm suggests also "along", can be used as rare //Perlative// case)) | |
+| as   | LOS                  | ACC  | across, through ((Nûrlâm suggests also "along", can be used as rare //Perlative// case)) | kârshum as = across the sea |
-| baub((also adjective with //-ûrz// suffix or adverb with //-arz// suffix)) | HORN | ABL  | far from | |
+| baub((also adjective with //-ûrz// suffix or adverb with //-arz// suffix)) | HORN | ABL  | far from | mokhbo baub = far from home |
-| bug((also adjective or adverb))  | MB, SV               | GEN  | opposite to (place) |  |
+| bug((also used as adjective or adverb))  | MB, SV               | GEN  | opposite to (place),\\ against (place) | ûghob iskob bug = against each other |
-| ik   | LOS                  | GEN | before (place),\\ in front of ((Antessive case)) | |
+| dro((also used as prefix and adverb)) | NL < Gnomish "nodro" + LOS "ord" < HG | GEN | ahead (of),\\ forward | dakob dro = ahead of us |
-| it   | LOS                  | GEN | behind,\\ after (place)((Postelative, Postessive cases)) | |
+| ik   | LOS                  | GEN | before (place),\\ in front of ((Antessive case)) | hûmumob ik = in front of the gates |
-| kurn | LOS < Quenya "corna" | ACC  | around (place) | |
+| it   | LOS                  | GEN | behind,\\ after (place)((Postelative, Postessive cases)) | pandumob it = behind the door |
-| lût  | LOS                  | GEN | outside (of);\\ for expressions "from outside", "to the outside" or "at outside" use Allative, Adessive or Ablative case  | |
+| kurn | LOS < Quenya "corna" | ACC  | around (place) | ghâshin kurn = around the bonfire |
-| mush | MB, SV               | ADE | next to, near, by (place) | |
+| lût  | LOS                  | GEN | outside (of);\\ for expressions "from outside", "to the outside" or "at outside" use Allative, Adessive or Ablative case  | goib lût = outside the city |
-| nâd  | NL < SV "nâdar"      | INE or GEN | within (place), inside (of);\\ for expressions like "to the inside" and "from inside" use just Illative and Elative cases correspondingly | |
+| mush | MB, SV               | ADE((for static position)) or ALL((for motion)) | next to, near, by (place)((Approximative case, Apudessive case for static position, Apudelative case for motion)) | sîrumir mush = near the river |
-| ti((also prefix)) | HORN < MERP | ACC | over, across, beyond |
+| nâd  | NL < SV "nâdar" + Primitive Elvish "ndē̆" | INE or GEN | within (place), inside (of);\\ for expressions like "to the inside" and "from inside" use just Illative and Elative cases correspondingly | ambzab nâd = inside this room |
-| tuk  | LOS                  | INS | through((Prolative or Vialis case)) | |
+| thu((also prefix)) | LOS (beyond) | ACC | over((Superlative/Superessive case)), beyond((duplicates Elative case)) | kaup thu = over the hills |
+| tuk  | LOS                  | INS | through((Prolative or Vialis case)) | taurzi tuk = through the forest |
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 ^ Preposition ^ Etymology ^ Grammatical\\ case ^ Translation ^ Example ^
-| bug((also adverb))    | SV             | ACC  | against (someone) | |
+| bug((also adverb))    | SV             | ACC  | against (someone) | bug tab mâgz = against his master |
-| furn   | NL < Etym. "BORÓN" (to last, endure);\\ compare with Quenya "vor", "vora", "vorë", "voro", etc. | ACC  | for (time), within (time), during | |
+| furn   | NL < Etym. "BORÓN" (to last, endure);\\ compare with Quenya "vor", "vora", "vorë", "voro", etc. | ACC  | for (time), (with)in (period of time), during | furn krul shil = for two months,\\ furn hîrbum = during the winter|
-| ghâr   | HORN < LOS "ghâra" | ACC  | since, from (only about time) |  |
+| ghâr   | HORN < LOS "ghâra" | ACC  | since, from (only about time) | ghâr ârshik = since yesterday |
-| gus    | MB             | ACC  | about (mention somebody or something) | |
+| gus    | MB             | ACC  | about (mention somebody or something) | gus harg = about wolves |
-| ik     | LOS            | ACC  | by (some time), before (time) | |
+| ik     | LOS            | ACC  | by (some time), before (time) | ik ânshum = before the dawn |
-| ithu   | NL, LOS "it" + LOS "thu" + HORN "izu" | GEN | beyond | |
+| irg    | NL < SV, ZA "erg" (at, on) | ACC | on (time interval) | irg birtârsh = on holidays |
-| îzan   | NL "îz" + LOS "zan" | GEN | in the name of | |
+| ithu   | NL, LOS "it" + LOS "thu" + HORN "izu" | GEN | beyond | ithu samdob = beyond sense |
-| kurn   | LOS            | ACC  | around (time) | |
+| îzan   | NL "îz" + LOS "zan" | GEN | in the name of | îzan Morgothob = in the name of Morgoth |
-| la     | LOS            | ACC  | after (time) | |
+| kurn   | LOS            | ACC  | around (time) | kurn ârshnod = around noon |
-| lata   | EL, reverse of "tala" | ACC  | under, beneath, below | |
+| la     | LOS            | ACC  | after (time) | la ashrokil = after lunch |
-| nâdar((only in colloquial speech, in Standard Nûrlâm use just Intrative case)) | SV             | ITRT | amongst | |
+| lata   | EL, reverse of "tala" | ACC  | under, beneath, below | lata nûtum = under the sky |
-| oth    | NL < Etym. "OS-" | ESS  | like | |
+| oth    | NL < Etym. "OS-" | ACC  | like | oth ash bork = like an animal |
-| shi    | LOS            | ACC  | at (exact time) | |
+| shi    | LOS            | ACC  | at (exact time) | shi muth = at dusk |
-| tala   | EL, probably from Etym. "TÂ, TAGH-" (high, lofty) or "TALAM" (floor, base) | ACC  | above, over, atop, on top of | |
+| tala   | EL, probably from Etym. "TÂ, TAGH-" (high, lofty) or "TALAM" (floor, base) | ACC  | above, over, atop, on top of | tala kaz = above head |
-| ugil((only in colloquial speech, "ik" is more preferable variant))   | SV             | ACC  | by (some time), before (time), prior to | |
+| ugil((only in colloquial speech, "ik" is more preferable variant))   | SV  | ACC  | by (some time), before (time), prior to | ugil bhantab = prior to his leaving |
-| ulmakh((more like adverb)) | SV             | ACC  | along, alongside | |
+| ulmakh((more like adverb)) | SV             | ACC  | along, alongside | ulmakh mongum = along the road |
-| zash((more like adjective)) | SV             | ESS  | same as, as … as …, so … as … | |
+| zash((more like adjective)) | SV             | ESS  | same as, as … as …, so … as … | zash hîs tapsi = as fast as the rabbit |
-| zi     | LOS            | ACC  | in (time), by (time), until | |
+| zi     | LOS            | ACC  | to (time), by (time), until | zi mât = until death |
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 ---------------------------------------------------
 ===== Overlaps with other lexical categories ======
-Beside the fact that some adpositions are used both as pre- and post-positions they may also be treated as other lexical categories. Usually the adpositions belonging to verbs are technically [[grammar_adverb|adverbs]] or //particles//, which also follow the words they describe similarly to postpositions, and some of them are attached to verbs as clitics or prefixes. Locative case postpositions and some standalone (like "ik" = before) form [[syntax_adverbials|adverbial phrases]] together with nouns. So it can be hard to distinguish adpositions from other lexical categories. Anyway adpositions are never used as stand-alone member of sentence, only together with other words. Some words may belong both to adverbs when used stand-alone, and to adpositions when noun is taken together to form adverbial phrase.
+Beside the fact that some adpositions are used both as pre- and post-positions they may also be treated as other lexical categories. Usually the adpositions belonging to verbs are technically [[grammar_adverb|adverbs]] or //particles//, which also follow the words they describe similarly to postpositions, and some of them are attached to verbs as clitics or prefixes. Locative case postpositions and some standalone (like "ik" = before) form [[syntax_adverbials|adverbial phrases]] together with nouns. These word also may connect together two clauses with different verbs, thus becoming [[conjunctions]]. So it can be hard to distinguish adpositions from other lexical categories. Anyway adpositions are never used as stand-alone member of sentence, only together with other words. Some words may belong both to adverbs when used stand-alone, and to adpositions when noun is taken together to form adverbial phrase.
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Nûrlâm –Black Speech dialect wiki

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