Wordlist: Verbs

This page will contain list of verbs not included into other categories or which may belong to several at once.

English	Nûrlâm	Part of speech	Etymology	Comments
accomplish	kramp-	v	LOS; compare with Quenya and Sindarin “car” < Etym. “KAR”	use Perfective aspect (-ûk) to clarify meanings “to accomplish”, “carry out”, “execute”
act	okt-	v	NL, merging “ok” with Primitive Elvish “okma” (an evil deed), Qenya “ohta-karo” (act of war); resemblance to English “act” is accidental or through Tolkien’s pun in QL
agitate	pamp-	v	NL < Qenya “pampinë” (tremor, earthquake) (n), also Qenya “pal-”	intransitive only, sound-imitating word
aid	bhok-	v	NL < LOS “fhok” < SV “vok”; changed according to phonetical system of Nûrlâm with (semi-)coincidental resemblance to “bhog” (good)	used with verb in infinitive; receiver of help is in dative case; object of aid (usually verbal noun) is in comitative case
arise	tulg-	v	NL < LOS “tulk-” (to lift, raise) < SV	stand up, rise from the dead, rise in rank
arrange	srinkh-	v	LL (to gather) NL suggests fictional proto-word “skrinkht” to connect “shrakh-” and “srinkh-” with Sindarin “critha-” (reap) < Etym. “KIRIK” (gather, collect, reap), Primitive Elvish “k'rikta-”	to get together and sort; to gather in some order
ascend	tulg-	v	NL < LOS “tulk-” (to lift, raise) < SV	stand up, rise from the dead, rise in rank
assist	bhok-	v	NL < LOS “fhok” < SV “vok”; changed according to phonetical system of Nûrlâm with (semi-)coincidental resemblance to “bhog” (good)	used with verb in infinitive; receiver of help is in dative case; object of aid (usually verbal noun) is in comitative case
attempt	tugl-	v	all major BS dialects < MB
avenge	grûth-	v	NL < Gnomish “gruith” (deed of horror, vengeance)
avoid	narl-	v	SV; probably from negative particle “nar”	use with object in Ablative case
become	thôl-	v	NL < merging Sindarin “tho”, Gnomish “tû” and Quenya “ol”	transformation, changing the state of subject
behave	okt-	v	NL, merging “ok” with Primitive Elvish “okma” (an evil deed), Qenya “ohta-karo” (act of war); resemblance to English “act” is accidental or through Tolkien’s pun in QL
bespot	yarg-	v	NL < SV “jargz-” < MERP “jargza-”; compare with Scottish “yird”
betroth	fir-	v	NL < Quenya “veru” (married pair) < Etym. “BES” (to wed); compare with Old English “fere”	use with object in Comitative case
bloat	folg-	v	NL < Gnomish “polc” (fat) < Primitive Elvish “PULU” (to swell); compare with LOS “folk-” (to hoard, stock)
block	gukr-	v	all major dialects < MB
break	shot-	v	NL < DS “shotag” < Etym. “SKAT”	add “ri” as prefix or suffix to clarify meaning “interrupt”
burrow	yarg-	v	NL < SV “jargz-” < MERP “jargza-”; compare with Scottish “yird”
bury	yarg-	v	NL < SV “jargz-” < MERP “jargza-”; compare with Scottish “yird”
carry out	kramp-	v	LOS; compare with Quenya and Sindarin “car” < Etym. “KAR”	use Perfective aspect (-ûk) to clarify meanings “to accomplish”, “carry out”, “execute”
cause	tait-	v	NL, merging Gnomish “caith” and Quenya “tyar-” < Etym. “KYAR” (do, make, cause); compare with LOS “tûr-” of the same etymology
cease	puzg-	v	LOS < Quenya “pusta” < Etym. “PUS”	with suffix of partial aspect (“-âzh”) means “to suspend, postpone”
chain	gain-	v	NL < LOS “gai-” < Quenya “Angainor”; modified according to Nûrlâm's rules
change	bhad-	v	HG; compare with Gnomish “far(o)n” (separate, different, strange) and NL “bhan-” (depart)	change the state or quality of object (not self) into another
classify	srinkh-	v	LL (to gather) NL suggests fictional proto-word “skrinkht” to connect “shrakh-” and “srinkh-” with Sindarin “critha-” (reap) < Etym. “KIRIK” (gather, collect, reap), Primitive Elvish “k'rikta-”	to get together and sort; to gather in some order
clean	thig-	v	NL < LOS “thag-” < SV, MERP < Albanian “thaj” (to dry); changed to avoid ambiguity with HORN (“ten”) and DS (“more”) and get rid of Albanian cognate; compare with Gnomish “thisc” (adj), “thista-”, “suitha-” (v); see also “thizg”	clean dry
close	gukr-	v	all major dialects < MB
come to pass	ghugsh-	v	SV, HG < MB “gûg”
compel	ikh-	v	LOS	see also “durb-”
conceal	fauth-	v	EL, all major dialects (to lie hidden)	intransitive
confuse	girz-	v	HG
connect	gaid-	v	NL, merging LOS “gai” (chain) with NL “gint-” (add) with Gnomish “gada” (to join, connect, unite) < Etym. “YAT”, roots “ẎATA”, “YAN” [2]	usually reflexive
correspond (to)	mbursh-	v	LOS < MB (n)	use with object in comitative case
count in	drohik-	v	NL, see “dro”, “hik”	to add to set, list; indirect object in Illative case
cover	lâz-	v	LOS < MB
damage	rul-	v	LOS (damage, harm)	part of body or inanimate object - with Accusative case; person - in Dative case
discover	badz-	v	LOS < HG; probably from Early Quenya “patsima” (wide open, adj.)
do	kramp-	v	LOS; compare with Quenya and Sindarin “car” < Etym. “KAR”	use Perfective aspect (-ûk) to clarify meanings “to accomplish”, “carry out”, “execute”
dwell	fulg-	v	LOS (RE) < Valarin “phelûn” (dwelling)
ease	largh-	v	NL, merging HG “lagh-” (to lighten weight) with Quenya “lerya” (to release, set free, let go); both probably from Etym. “LEK”	to reduce weight, pressure; often used figuratively; indirect object should be in ablative case
enchain	gain-	v	NL < LOS “gai-” < Quenya “Angainor”; modified according to Nûrlâm's rules
endeavour	rîth-	v	NL < Sindarin “raitha”, “reitha” < root “RIK”
endeavour	tugl-	v	all major BS dialects < MB
err	saug-	v	NL < Summoning “szaug-” < LOS “zaug” (debt, fault, blame) < SV	be wrong, be mistaken; be at fault
eschew	narl-	v	SV; probably from negative particle “nar”	use with object in Ablative case
exclude	rihik-	v	NL, see “ri”, “hik”	to remove from set, list; indirect object in Ellative case
execute	kramp-	v	LOS; compare with Quenya and Sindarin “car” < Etym. “KAR”	use Perfective aspect (-ûk) to clarify meanings “to accomplish”, “carry out”, “execute”
exercise	tail-	v	LOS < MB < Quenya “tyal-”
fail	saug-	v	NL < Summoning “szaug-” < LOS “zaug” (debt, fault, blame) < SV	be wrong, be mistaken; be at fault
fill up	dhîl-	v	NL < Noldorin “dîl”	fill up hole
fit	mbursh-	v	LOS < MB (n)	use with object in comitative case
force	ikh-	v	LOS	see also “durb-”
fullfill	kramp-	v	LOS; compare with Quenya and Sindarin “car” < Etym. “KAR”	use Perfective aspect (-ûk) to clarify meanings “to accomplish”, “carry out”, “execute”
garble	girz-	v	HG
gather	srinkh-	v	LL (to gather) NL suggests fictional proto-word “skrinkht” to connect “shrakh-” and “srinkh-” with Sindarin “critha-” (reap) < Etym. “KIRIK” (gather, collect, reap), Primitive Elvish “k'rikta-”	to get together and sort; to gather in some order
get	thôl-	v	NL < merging Sindarin “tho”, Gnomish “tû” and Quenya “ol”	transformation, changing the state of subject
group	srinkh-	v	LL (to gather) NL suggests fictional proto-word “skrinkht” to connect “shrakh-” and “srinkh-” with Sindarin “critha-” (reap) < Etym. “KIRIK” (gather, collect, reap), Primitive Elvish “k'rikta-”	to get together and sort; to gather in some order
halt	puzg-	v	LOS < Quenya “pusta” < Etym. “PUS”	with suffix of partial aspect (“-âzh”) means “to suspend, postpone”
happen	ghugsh-	v	SV, HG < MB “gûg”
harm	rul-	v	LOS (damage, harm)	part of body or inanimate object - with Accusative case; person - in Dative case
help	bhok-	v	NL < LOS “fhok” < SV “vok”; changed according to phonetical system of Nûrlâm with (semi-)coincidental resemblance to “bhog” (good)	used with verb in infinitive; receiver of help is in dative case; object of aid (usually verbal noun) is in comitative case
hide (self)	fauth-	v	EL, all major dialects (to lie hidden)	intransitive
hide (smth.)	shkal-	v	NL < Etym. “SKAL” [1] (screen, hide from light)	transitive
hurt	rul-	v	LOS (damage, harm)	part of body or inanimate object - with Accusative case; person - in Dative case
idle	frût-	v	NL, merging LOS “frûz” (lazy) with NL “puzt-” (to rest)	to work slow or bad; imitate work; do nothing at work; sabotage
imitate	sizd-	v	NL < Qenya “sesta” (to liken, compare, make like, model on, assimilate, imitate); compare with NL “si” (cf.)
include	drohik-	v	NL, see “dro”, “hik”	to add to set, list; indirect object in Illative case
injure	rul-	v	LOS (damage, harm)	part of body or inanimate object - with Accusative case; person - in Dative case
interfere	rithruth-	v	NL, “ri-” (between) + “thruth-” (to stick) (see corresponding articles)	used with objects in Illative or Comitative case
interrupt	shot-	v	NL < DS “shotag” < Etym. “SKAT”	add “ri” as prefix or suffix to clarify meaning “interrupt”
jam	gukr-	v	all major dialects < MB
join	gaid-	v	NL, merging LOS “gai” (chain) with NL “gint-” (add) with Gnomish “gada” (to join, connect, unite) < Etym. “YAT”, roots “ẎATA”, “YAN” [2]	usually reflexive
keep (self) off	narl-	v	SV; probably from negative particle “nar”	use with object in Ablative case
keep away off	narl-	v	SV; probably from negative particle “nar”	use with object in Ablative case
keep distance	narl-	v	SV; probably from negative particle “nar”	use with object in Ablative case
lazy	frût-	v	NL, merging LOS “frûz” (lazy) with NL “puzt-” (to rest)	to work slow or bad; imitate work; do nothing at work; sabotage
lenify	largh-	v	NL, merging HG “lagh-” (to lighten weight) with Quenya “lerya” (to release, set free, let go); both probably from Etym. “LEK”	to reduce weight, pressure; often used figuratively; indirect object should be in ablative case
lie (down, on side, in bed)	kât-	v	LOS (lie down) < Quenya “caita” < Etym. “KAY”; compare with “gaith-”, “khad”, “khâr”, “khau”, “kîf”
lie hidden	fauth-	v	EL, all major dialects (to lie hidden)	intransitive
lighten	largh-	v	NL, merging HG “lagh-” (to lighten weight) with Quenya “lerya” (to release, set free, let go); both probably from Etym. “LEK”	to reduce weight, pressure; often used figuratively; indirect object should be in ablative case
lock	gukr-	v	all major dialects < MB
lurk	fauth-	v	EL, all major dialects (to lie hidden)	intransitive
make	kramp-	v	LOS; compare with Quenya and Sindarin “car” < Etym. “KAR”	use Perfective aspect (-ûk) to clarify meanings “to accomplish”, “carry out”, “execute”
make (to do smth.)	ikh-	v	LOS	see also “durb-”
make like	sizd-	v	NL < Qenya “sesta” (to liken, compare, make like, model on, assimilate, imitate); compare with NL “si” (cf.)
match	mbursh-	v	LOS < MB (n)	use with object in comitative case
mate	fir-	v	NL < Quenya “veru” (married pair) < Etym. “BES” (to wed); compare with Old English “fere”	use with object in Comitative case
meddle	rithruth-	v	NL, “ri-” (between) + “thruth-” (to stick) (see corresponding articles)	used with objects in Illative or Comitative case
mess	girz-	v	HG
mimic	sizd-	v	NL < Qenya “sesta” (to liken, compare, make like, model on, assimilate, imitate); compare with NL “si” (cf.)
mistake	saug-	v	NL < Summoning “szaug-” < LOS “zaug” (debt, fault, blame) < SV	be wrong, be mistaken; be at fault
model	sizd-	v	NL < Qenya “sesta” (to liken, compare, make like, model on, assimilate, imitate); compare with NL “si” (cf.)
mop (up)	thig-	v	NL < LOS “thag-” < SV, MERP < Albanian “thaj” (to dry); changed to avoid ambiguity with HORN (“ten”) and DS (“more”) and get rid of Albanian cognate; compare with Gnomish “thisc” (adj), “thista-”, “suitha-” (v); see also “thizg”	clean dry
occur	ghugsh-	v	SV, HG < MB “gûg”
omit	rihik-	v	NL, see “ri”, “hik”	to remove from set, list; indirect object in Ellative case
open	badz-	v	LOS < HG; probably from Early Quenya “patsima” (wide open, adj.)
order	srinkh-	v	LL (to gather) NL suggests fictional proto-word “skrinkht” to connect “shrakh-” and “srinkh-” with Sindarin “critha-” (reap) < Etym. “KIRIK” (gather, collect, reap), Primitive Elvish “k'rikta-”	to get together and sort; to gather in some order
organize	srinkh-	v	LL (to gather) NL suggests fictional proto-word “skrinkht” to connect “shrakh-” and “srinkh-” with Sindarin “critha-” (reap) < Etym. “KIRIK” (gather, collect, reap), Primitive Elvish “k'rikta-”	to get together and sort; to gather in some order
perform	kramp-	v	LOS; compare with Quenya and Sindarin “car” < Etym. “KAR”	use Perfective aspect (-ûk) to clarify meanings “to accomplish”, “carry out”, “execute”
play	tail-	v	LOS < MB < Quenya “tyal-”
postpone	puzg-	v	LOS < Quenya “pusta” < Etym. “PUS”	with suffix of partial aspect (“-âzh”) means “to suspend, postpone”
practice	tail-	v	LOS < MB < Quenya “tyal-”
put effort	rîth-	v	NL < Sindarin “raitha”, “reitha” < root “RIK”
quake	pamp-	v	NL < Qenya “pampinë” (tremor, earthquake) (n), also Qenya “pal-”	intransitive only, sound-imitating word
rally	gaid-	v	NL, merging LOS “gai” (chain) with NL “gint-” (add) with Gnomish “gada” (to join, connect, unite) < Etym. “YAT”, roots “ẎATA”, “YAN” [2]	usually reflexive
recline	kât-	v	LOS (lie down) < Quenya “caita” < Etym. “KAY”; compare with “gaith-”, “khad”, “khâr”, “khau”, “kîf”
release	largh-	v	NL, merging HG “lagh-” (to lighten weight) with Quenya “lerya” (to release, set free, let go); both probably from Etym. “LEK”	to reduce weight, pressure; often used figuratively; indirect object should be in ablative case
relieve	largh-	v	NL, merging HG “lagh-” (to lighten weight) with Quenya “lerya” (to release, set free, let go); both probably from Etym. “LEK”	to reduce weight, pressure; often used figuratively; indirect object should be in ablative case
remain	irn-	v	NL < Qenya “erin” (v) (remains), however “-in” in Qenya is 3rd person suffix (changed to 1st person in later Quenya)	also “left” (as in “no more … left”)
rescue	bharn-	v	NL < Quenya “varna” (safe, protected, secure) < Primitive Elvish “barnā” < Etym. “BAR”
rest	kât-	v	LOS (lie down) < Quenya “caita” < Etym. “KAY”; compare with “gaith-”, “khad”, “khâr”, “khau”, “kîf”
retaliate	grûth-	v	NL < Gnomish “gruith” (deed of horror, vengeance)
reveal	badz-	v	LOS < HG; probably from Early Quenya “patsima” (wide open, adj.)
revenge	grûth-	v	NL < Gnomish “gruith” (deed of horror, vengeance)
rise	tulg-	v	NL < LOS “tulk-” (to lift, raise) < SV	stand up, rise from the dead, rise in rank
salvage	bharn-	v	NL < Quenya “varna” (safe, protected, secure) < Primitive Elvish “barnā” < Etym. “BAR”
salve	bharn-	v	NL < Quenya “varna” (safe, protected, secure) < Primitive Elvish “barnā” < Etym. “BAR”
save	bharn-	v	NL < Quenya “varna” (safe, protected, secure) < Primitive Elvish “barnā” < Etym. “BAR”
shake	pamp-	v	NL < Qenya “pampinë” (tremor, earthquake) (n), also Qenya “pal-”	intransitive only, sound-imitating word
shirk	frût-	v	NL, merging LOS “frûz” (lazy) with NL “puzt-” (to rest)	to work slow or bad; imitate work; do nothing at work; sabotage
shut	gukr-	v	all major dialects < MB
sit (up, down)	duz-	v	LOS < HG
skulk	fauth-	v	EL, all major dialects (to lie hidden)	intransitive
sort	srinkh-	v	LL (to gather) NL suggests fictional proto-word “skrinkht” to connect “shrakh-” and “srinkh-” with Sindarin “critha-” (reap) < Etym. “KIRIK” (gather, collect, reap), Primitive Elvish “k'rikta-”	to get together and sort; to gather in some order
stand (upright, be erected)	bin-	v	NL < Etym. “MINI” (stand alone)	about state, not about action (see “talg-” or “tulg-” instead)
stand up	tulg-	v	NL < LOS “tulk-” (to lift, raise) < SV	stand up, rise from the dead, rise in rank
stay	irn-	v	NL < Qenya “erin” (v) (remains), however “-in” in Qenya is 3rd person suffix (changed to 1st person in later Quenya)	also “left” (as in “no more … left”)
stay away	narl-	v	SV; probably from negative particle “nar”	use with object in Ablative case
stick	gukr-	v	all major dialects < MB
stick nose (into)	rithruth-	v	NL, “ri-” (between) + “thruth-” (to stick) (see corresponding articles)	used with objects in Illative or Comitative case
stomp	badh-	v	NL < Noldorin “batha-” < Etym. “BAT”
stop	puzg-	v	LOS < Quenya “pusta” < Etym. “PUS”	with suffix of partial aspect (“-âzh”) means “to suspend, postpone”
stop up	dhîl-	v	NL < Noldorin “dîl”	fill up hole
stopple	dhîl-	v	NL < Noldorin “dîl”	fill up hole
strive	rîth-	v	NL < Sindarin “raitha”, “reitha” < root “RIK”
stuff	dhîl-	v	NL < Noldorin “dîl”	fill up hole
suspend	puzg-	v	LOS < Quenya “pusta” < Etym. “PUS”	with suffix of partial aspect (“-âzh”) means “to suspend, postpone”
swell	folg-	v	NL < Gnomish “polc” (fat) < Primitive Elvish “PULU” (to swell); compare with LOS “folk-” (to hoard, stock)
tire	kûbr-	v	HG	active — tire smb. else, passive + noun in Genitive or Instrumental case — be tired of
train	tail-	v	LOS < MB < Quenya “tyal-”
tramp	badh-	v	NL < Noldorin “batha-” < Etym. “BAT”
trample	badh-	v	NL < Noldorin “batha-” < Etym. “BAT”
transform	bhad-	v	HG; compare with Gnomish “far(o)n” (separate, different, strange) and NL “bhan-” (depart)	change the state or quality of object (not self) into another
tread	badh-	v	NL < Noldorin “batha-” < Etym. “BAT”
tremble	pamp-	v	NL < Qenya “pampinë” (tremor, earthquake) (n), also Qenya “pal-”	intransitive only, sound-imitating word
tremor	pamp-	v	NL < Qenya “pampinë” (tremor, earthquake) (n), also Qenya “pal-”	intransitive only, sound-imitating word
try	rîth-	v	NL < Sindarin “raitha”, “reitha” < root “RIK”
try	tugl-	v	all major BS dialects < MB
turn (into)	bhad-	v	HG; compare with Gnomish “far(o)n” (separate, different, strange) and NL “bhan-” (depart)	change the state or quality of object (not self) into another
uncover	badz-	v	LOS < HG; probably from Early Quenya “patsima” (wide open, adj.)
unify	gaid-	v	NL, merging LOS “gai” (chain) with NL “gint-” (add) with Gnomish “gada” (to join, connect, unite) < Etym. “YAT”, roots “ẎATA”, “YAN” [2]	usually reflexive
unite	gaid-	v	NL, merging LOS “gai” (chain) with NL “gint-” (add) with Gnomish “gada” (to join, connect, unite) < Etym. “YAT”, roots “ẎATA”, “YAN” [2]	usually reflexive
vary	bhad-	v	HG; compare with Gnomish “far(o)n” (separate, different, strange) and NL “bhan-” (depart)	change the state or quality of object (not self) into another
vibrate	pamp-	v	NL < Qenya “pampinë” (tremor, earthquake) (n), also Qenya “pal-”	intransitive only, sound-imitating word
violate	shot-	v	NL < DS “shotag” < Etym. “SKAT”	add “ri” as prefix or suffix to clarify meaning “interrupt”
wait hidden	fauth-	v	EL, all major dialects (to lie hidden)	intransitive
wed	fir-	v	NL < Quenya “veru” (married pair) < Etym. “BES” (to wed); compare with Old English “fere”	use with object in Comitative case
wipe	thig-	v	NL < LOS “thag-” < SV, MERP < Albanian “thaj” (to dry); changed to avoid ambiguity with HORN (“ten”) and DS (“more”) and get rid of Albanian cognate; compare with Gnomish “thisc” (adj), “thista-”, “suitha-” (v); see also “thizg”	clean dry
wound	rul-	v	LOS (damage, harm)	part of body or inanimate object - with Accusative case; person - in Dative case

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