Wordlist: Speech

This page will contain the list of words related to speech and verbal expression of thoughts.

English	Nûrlâm	Part of speech	Etymology	Comments
account	ghînt	n	NL < merging Quenya “quenta” < Etym. “KWET” (to say) with LOS “gashn-” (to speak, cf.); see also “ghîsh”
accuse	slog-	v	NL < LOS “sloi-” (to accuse); changed according to Nûrlâm rules
advice	thrâh-	v	NL “thrag-” (bring) < TK “thrak-” (bring, hale, drag by force)	with prefix “thu-” transforms into “thuthrâh-” (to insist); target person should be marked with dative case
agree	akh-	v	LOS	with somebody – use Comitative case
agreement	gîzd	n	NL < “gazd-” (swear), Noldorin “gowest” (contract, lit. “swear together”) < Primitive Elvish “wedtā” < Etym. “WED” (bind)
alarm	razg-	v	NL < Quenya “raxë” (danger)
alert	razg-	v	NL < Quenya “raxë” (danger)
answer	gashn-	v	LOS, probably from Valarin “akašân” = “he (Eru) says”; compare with NL “goshn”, “gaz”, “gazd”, “kazh”; compare with Sindarin “can” (to cry out, shout, call), “-gon” (either “command” or “revered”) in PN “Turgon”, “Firgon”, all from Etym. “KAN” (dare) and early Primitive Elvish root “KAN” (cry aloud, command, lead, rule)	just make a meaningful sounds, say a word or more, but it's not necessary if other person answered, if speaker heard it, if speaker take the answer into consideration, etc.; with prefix “bhû-” means “predict”; with prefix ”kru-” means “answer”, “reply”; with prefix “ri-” means “interrupt”; with prefix “thu-” means “command”, “order”; do not mix with “ghâsh-” (to burn)
answer	gauth-	v	NL, merging Sindarin “gweth” (report) with ZA “gaur” (answer); compare with DS “gin” (news, report) < ? Etym. “GWEN” (fresh), Eldarin “win”; Quenya “vinya”?
answer	gauthurm	n	NL, see “gauth-”
argue	bugb-	v	LOS, HG < SV “bugjab-” (lit. “against say”)	use with objects in Comitative or Accusative case
argue	shugb-	v	HG < SV “shúmjâb” (lit. “a lot of talk”)	speak with both sides actively participating; enforcing prefix “thu-” is required for clarifying meanings “debate”, “dispute”, “argue”, “quarrel”; other participant is marked with comitative case; topic is used together with preposition “gus” (about) and noun in accusative
ask	markh-	v	NL, merging question particle “mar” with “khul-” (to demand, request) (see corresponding articles) with obsolete Quenya “maquet” < “quet” (to say, speak, tell)
ask for	has-	v	LOS, probably from Quenya “cesta” (to seek, search for, ask) or Qenya “iqista” (“request”, “please”, n) < Etym. “IQI”
ask for	khûl-	v	NL < HG “khul-” (to question, ask); changed to avoid ambiguity with suffixes “-ul” and “-ulg”	add prefix “thu-” to clarify meaning “demand”
assume	ton-	v	NL < LOS “tonprakh” < SV (to suppose, presume) < LL “prakh” (to lure)
augur	falkh-	v	NL < SV “falk” (to toss a dice, bone) < MERP “flak” < Albanian (to throw, cast)	literally “toss the bones / dices” букв. “раскинуть кости”
aye	akh	expr	LOS	literally means “agree”, used as equivalent of English affirmative response “yes” букв. “согласен”
badge	tan	n	NL < Quenya “tanna”
be grumpy	brumg-	v	LOS < HG
beg	has-	v	LOS, probably from Quenya “cesta” (to seek, search for, ask) or Qenya “iqista” (“request”, “please”, n) < Etym. “IQI”
bewail	nîth-	v	NL < Gnomish “naitha” (to lament, weep, wail for, make moan for) < Primitive Elvish “NAY” (lament), “NYEHE” (weep), “NYE(NE)” (bleat) from which Vala's name “Nienna” was initally explained; see also Gnomish “nurna” (to bewail, lament, complain of) < Primitive Elvish “NURU” (growl, grumble); see also Primitive Elvish roots “ŊAHYA”, “NAẎA” (to grieve, hurt)	coincidental resemblance to Russian “ныть” [nɨtʲ]
blame	slog-	v	NL < LOS “sloi-” (to accuse); changed according to Nûrlâm rules
call	bugd-	v	all major dialects < LL
carve	drab-	v	Noldorin “dravo” (to hew) < Etym. “DARÁM” (to beat, hew); compare with “drag”, “dramp-”, “drang”	to make an inscription or image by removing material with hewing tools
cheat	prakh-	v	all major dialects < LL (to lure); other meanings were added in SV
command	gashn-	v	LOS, probably from Valarin “akašân” = “he (Eru) says”; compare with NL “goshn”, “gaz”, “gazd”, “kazh”; compare with Sindarin “can” (to cry out, shout, call), “-gon” (either “command” or “revered”) in PN “Turgon”, “Firgon”, all from Etym. “KAN” (dare) and early Primitive Elvish root “KAN” (cry aloud, command, lead, rule)	just make a meaningful sounds, say a word or more, but it's not necessary if other person answered, if speaker heard it, if speaker take the answer into consideration, etc.; with prefix “bhû-” means “predict”; with prefix ”kru-” means “answer”, “reply”; with prefix “ri-” means “interrupt”; with prefix “thu-” means “command”, “order”; do not mix with “ghâsh-” (to burn)
command	goshn-	v	NL < LOS “gashn-” (to say) < Valarin “akašân” = “he (Eru) says” and Sindarin “can” (to cry out, shout call), “-gon” (either “command” or “revered”) in PN “Turgon”, “Firgon”, all from Etym. “KAN” (dare) and early Primitive Elvish root “KAN” (cry aloud, command, lead, rule)
command	kazh-	v	ZB < Valarin “akašân” = “he (Eru) says”
comment	khish	n	NL < Quenya “eques” (saying, dictum, quotation, statement) < “equë” (to say) merged with Valarin “akašân” = “he (Eru) says”; compare with “gashn-”, “kazh-”
complain	brumg-	v	LOS < HG
complain	nîth-	v	NL < Gnomish “naitha” (to lament, weep, wail for, make moan for) < Primitive Elvish “NAY” (lament), “NYEHE” (weep), “NYE(NE)” (bleat) from which Vala's name “Nienna” was initally explained; see also Gnomish “nurna” (to bewail, lament, complain of) < Primitive Elvish “NURU” (growl, grumble); see also Primitive Elvish roots “ŊAHYA”, “NAẎA” (to grieve, hurt)	coincidental resemblance to Russian “ныть” [nɨtʲ]
conjecture	falkh-	v	NL < SV “falk” (to toss a dice, bone) < MERP “flak” < Albanian (to throw, cast)	literally “toss the bones / dices” букв. “раскинуть кости”
contract	gîzd	n	NL < “gazd-” (swear), Noldorin “gowest” (contract, lit. “swear together”) < Primitive Elvish “wedtā” < Etym. “WED” (bind)
contradict	bugb-	v	LOS, HG < SV “bugjab-” (lit. “against say”)	use with objects in Comitative or Accusative case
converse	shugb-	v	HG < SV “shúmjâb” (lit. “a lot of talk”)	speak with both sides actively participating; enforcing prefix “thu-” is required for clarifying meanings “debate”, “dispute”, “argue”, “quarrel”; other participant is marked with comitative case; topic is used together with preposition “gus” (about) and noun in accusative
crier	omog	n	lit. “mouth”; compare with “Mouth of Sauron”
cry out	goshn-	v	NL < LOS “gashn-” (to say) < Valarin “akašân” = “he (Eru) says” and Sindarin “can” (to cry out, shout call), “-gon” (either “command” or “revered”) in PN “Turgon”, “Firgon”, all from Etym. “KAN” (dare) and early Primitive Elvish root “KAN” (cry aloud, command, lead, rule)
curse	skurm	n	NL, merging TK “skai” with abstract suffix “-urm” and NL “skûn-”	uncountable
curse	skûn-	v	NL < Primitive Elvish root “SKŪ” > Quenya “húna”
damn	skûn-	v	NL < Primitive Elvish root “SKŪ” > Quenya “húna”
damnation	skurm	n	NL, merging TK “skai” with abstract suffix “-urm” and NL “skûn-”	uncountable
daresay	ton-	v	NL < LOS “tonprakh” < SV (to suppose, presume) < LL “prakh” (to lure)
debate	shugb-	v	HG < SV “shúmjâb” (lit. “a lot of talk”)	speak with both sides actively participating; enforcing prefix “thu-” is required for clarifying meanings “debate”, “dispute”, “argue”, “quarrel”; other participant is marked with comitative case; topic is used together with preposition “gus” (about) and noun in accusative
deceit	lân	n	NL < early Noldorin “orvlann” (without deceit) < “bland” (lie)	uncountable
deceive	lan-	v	NL < early Noldorin “orvlann” (without deceit) < “bland” (lie)
deceive	prakh-	v	all major dialects < LL (to lure); other meanings were added in SV
decline	narbh-	v	NL, merging BS “nar” with Etym. “AB”, “ABAR” (refuse, deny); compare with “Avari” (elves who refused to go to Aman)	object person should be in dative case
defy	bugb-	v	LOS, HG < SV “bugjab-” (lit. “against say”)	use with objects in Comitative or Accusative case
delate	ghînt-	v	NL < merging Quenya “quenta” < Etym. “KWET” (to say) with LOS “gashn-” (to speak, cf.)	direct object — about what/whom to report; indirect object — whom to report
demand	khûl-	v	NL < HG “khul-” (to question, ask); changed to avoid ambiguity with suffixes “-ul” and “-ulg”	add prefix “thu-” to clarify meaning “demand”
denounce	ghînt-	v	NL < merging Quenya “quenta” < Etym. “KWET” (to say) with LOS “gashn-” (to speak, cf.)	direct object — about what/whom to report; indirect object — whom to report
deny	narbh-	v	NL, merging BS “nar” with Etym. “AB”, “ABAR” (refuse, deny); compare with “Avari” (elves who refused to go to Aman)	object person should be in dative case
deride	yad-	v	NL < Neo-Sindarin “iaeda-” < Etym. “YAY”
describe	dharb-	v	NL, “oth” + “zarb-” (in analogy with Latin) > “odharb-” > “dharb-”; see “oth”, “zarb-”
dictum	khish	n	NL < Quenya “eques” (saying, dictum, quotation, statement) < “equë” (to say) merged with Valarin “akašân” = “he (Eru) says”; compare with “gashn-”, “kazh-”
disagree	bugb-	v	LOS, HG < SV “bugjab-” (lit. “against say”)	use with objects in Comitative or Accusative case
discuss	shugb-	v	HG < SV “shúmjâb” (lit. “a lot of talk”)	speak with both sides actively participating; enforcing prefix “thu-” is required for clarifying meanings “debate”, “dispute”, “argue”, “quarrel”; other participant is marked with comitative case; topic is used together with preposition “gus” (about) and noun in accusative
dispatch	mont	n	NL < Quenya “menta” (message) < “menta” (to send)	something sent verbally or in written form
dispute	shugb-	v	HG < SV “shúmjâb” (lit. “a lot of talk”)	speak with both sides actively participating; enforcing prefix “thu-” is required for clarifying meanings “debate”, “dispute”, “argue”, “quarrel”; other participant is marked with comitative case; topic is used together with preposition “gus” (about) and noun in accusative
divine	falkh-	v	NL < SV “falk” (to toss a dice, bone) < MERP “flak” < Albanian (to throw, cast)	literally “toss the bones / dices” букв. “раскинуть кости”
emboss	drab-	v	Noldorin “dravo” (to hew) < Etym. “DARÁM” (to beat, hew); compare with “drag”, “dramp-”, “drang”	to make an inscription or image by removing material with hewing tools
engrave	drab-	v	Noldorin “dravo” (to hew) < Etym. “DARÁM” (to beat, hew); compare with “drag”, “dramp-”, “drang”	to make an inscription or image by removing material with hewing tools
enquire	hozd-	v	NL < Quenya “cesta” (to ask, seek), “ces” (to search, examine)
epistle	zarmbont	n	NL, “zarb-” + “mont” (see corresponding articles) > “zarbmont” > “zarmbont”	written message
evidence	ghînt	n	NL < merging Quenya “quenta” < Etym. “KWET” (to say) with LOS “gashn-” (to speak, cf.); see also “ghîsh”
examine	hozd-	v	NL < Quenya “cesta” (to ask, seek), “ces” (to search, examine)
explain	rizûrb-	v	NL, lit. “to between-understand”, “to inter-understand”; see “ri”, “zûrb-”
flattery	glizg	n	NL < Gnomish “glisc” (fond of sweets; fond of saying sweet or flattering things, suave, flattering); compare with Quenya “lissë” and Sindarin “laich” both meaning “sweet”	uncountable
flout	yad-	v	NL < Neo-Sindarin “iaeda-” < Etym. “YAY”
flout	yau	n	NL < Noldorin “iaew” < Etym. “YAY”	uncountable
fool (smb. else)	prakh-	v	all major dialects < LL (to lure); other meanings were added in SV
forebode	falkh-	v	NL < SV “falk” (to toss a dice, bone) < MERP “flak” < Albanian (to throw, cast)	literally “toss the bones / dices” букв. “раскинуть кости”
forecast	falkh-	v	NL < SV “falk” (to toss a dice, bone) < MERP “flak” < Albanian (to throw, cast)	literally “toss the bones / dices” букв. “раскинуть кости”
foretell	falkh-	v	NL < SV “falk” (to toss a dice, bone) < MERP “flak” < Albanian (to throw, cast)	literally “toss the bones / dices” букв. “раскинуть кости”
give clue	gît-	v	NL < Quenya “hiuta”, Old Noldorin “gyûta” < Etym. (AC) “ÑIW” (wink, hint); also Gnomish “nautha” (to hint) < Primitive Elvish root “NAVA”	to somebody – use with Dative case
give oath	gazd-	v	NL, combination of HG “gadhl” (to promise) < SV (but no source word given) with Noldorin “gwaedh”, “gwest” (oath, bond, troth) < Etym. “WED” (bind); compare with “gaz” (mouth) and “gashn-” (say)	more obligatory promise, usually invoking some divine being or spirit, or by leaving a mortgage. E.g. “Gazd turkûrz sha!” (Swear on precious!); if the oath is given to somebody, receiver should be marked with Dative case
groan	nîth-	v	NL < Gnomish “naitha” (to lament, weep, wail for, make moan for) < Primitive Elvish “NAY” (lament), “NYEHE” (weep), “NYE(NE)” (bleat) from which Vala's name “Nienna” was initally explained; see also Gnomish “nurna” (to bewail, lament, complain of) < Primitive Elvish “NURU” (growl, grumble); see also Primitive Elvish roots “ŊAHYA”, “NAẎA” (to grieve, hurt)	coincidental resemblance to Russian “ныть” [nɨtʲ]
grumble	brumg-	v	LOS < HG
guarantee	fad-	v	NL < Quenya “vanda” (oath, pledge, solemn promise)	promise to smb. - use with object Dative case
guarantee	gazd-	v	NL, combination of HG “gadhl” (to promise) < SV (but no source word given) with Noldorin “gwaedh”, “gwest” (oath, bond, troth) < Etym. “WED” (bind); compare with “gaz” (mouth) and “gashn-” (say)	more obligatory promise, usually invoking some divine being or spirit, or by leaving a mortgage. E.g. “Gazd turkûrz sha!” (Swear on precious!); if the oath is given to somebody, receiver should be marked with Dative case
guess	ton-	v	NL < LOS “tonprakh” < SV (to suppose, presume) < LL “prakh” (to lure)
harsh	hazt	adj	MERP; probably from Icelandic “harðdrægur”	metaphorically, about character, speech
herald	omog	n	lit. “mouth”; compare with “Mouth of Sauron”
hew out	drab-	v	Noldorin “dravo” (to hew) < Etym. “DARÁM” (to beat, hew); compare with “drag”, “dramp-”, “drang”	to make an inscription or image by removing material with hewing tools
hint	gît-	v	NL < Quenya “hiuta”, Old Noldorin “gyûta” < Etym. (AC) “ÑIW” (wink, hint); also Gnomish “nautha” (to hint) < Primitive Elvish root “NAVA”	to somebody – use with Dative case
history	ghînt	n	NL < merging Quenya “quenta” < Etym. “KWET” (to say) with LOS “gashn-” (to speak, cf.); see also “ghîsh”
hollow out	drab-	v	Noldorin “dravo” (to hew) < Etym. “DARÁM” (to beat, hew); compare with “drag”, “dramp-”, “drang”	to make an inscription or image by removing material with hewing tools
hypocrisy	glizg	n	NL < Gnomish “glisc” (fond of sweets; fond of saying sweet or flattering things, suave, flattering); compare with Quenya “lissë” and Sindarin “laich” both meaning “sweet”	uncountable
impress	drab-	v	Noldorin “dravo” (to hew) < Etym. “DARÁM” (to beat, hew); compare with “drag”, “dramp-”, “drang”	to make an inscription or image by removing material with hewing tools
imprint	drab-	v	Noldorin “dravo” (to hew) < Etym. “DARÁM” (to beat, hew); compare with “drag”, “dramp-”, “drang”	to make an inscription or image by removing material with hewing tools
inscribe	zarb-	v	NL < Khuzdul “ZRB”
interpret	rizûrb-	v	NL, lit. “to between-understand”, “to inter-understand”; see “ri”, “zûrb-”
interrogate	hozd-	v	NL < Quenya “cesta” (to ask, seek), “ces” (to search, examine)
invite	brosk-	v	NL, probably from SV “brosh” (greeting, cf.)
jeer	yad-	v	NL < Neo-Sindarin “iaeda-” < Etym. “YAY”
jest	hok	n	LOS (ULK) < LOS “hokarl-” (to laugh) < HG; compare with Gnomish “cag”
joke	hok	n	LOS (ULK) < LOS “hokarl-” (to laugh) < HG; compare with Gnomish “cag”
lament	nîth-	v	NL < Gnomish “naitha” (to lament, weep, wail for, make moan for) < Primitive Elvish “NAY” (lament), “NYEHE” (weep), “NYE(NE)” (bleat) from which Vala's name “Nienna” was initally explained; see also Gnomish “nurna” (to bewail, lament, complain of) < Primitive Elvish “NURU” (growl, grumble); see also Primitive Elvish roots “ŊAHYA”, “NAẎA” (to grieve, hurt)	coincidental resemblance to Russian “ныть” [nɨtʲ]
language	lâm	n	LOS < Quenya “lamba” (physical tongue) < Etym. “LAB” (lick); Quenya “lambë” (language, speech), Noldorin “glamb”, “glamm” (shouting noise; barbarous, orc speech) < Etym. “ÑGALAM” (talk loud)
laugh	lal-	v	NL < Quenya “lala”	“to laugh at” should be translated with object in Dative case or with preposition “gus”
laugh (at)	yad-	v	NL < Neo-Sindarin “iaeda-” < Etym. “YAY”
legend	shûmg	n	NL < SV “shúmjâb” (literally “a lot of talk”); compare with “shugb-”
letter	gort	n	NL < Quenya “certa”, Sindarin “Certh”; compare with “Cirth”, “Angerthas”
letter	zarmbont	n	NL, “zarb-” + “mont” (see corresponding articles) > “zarbmont” > “zarmbont”	written message
lie	lan-	v	NL < early Noldorin “orvlann” (without deceit) < “bland” (lie)
lie	lân	n	NL < early Noldorin “orvlann” (without deceit) < “bland” (lie)	uncountable
lie (tell untruth)	prakh-	v	all major dialects < LL (to lure); other meanings were added in SV
listen	kazb-	v	ZA < SV (UTL) < SV “kasp-”, “kasn-” (to hear, listen); compare with Hurrian “haš-”, “χaž-” (to hear)
lure	prakh-	v	all major dialects < LL (to lure); other meanings were added in SV
make fun (of)	yad-	v	NL < Neo-Sindarin “iaeda-” < Etym. “YAY”
make oath	gazd-	v	NL, combination of HG “gadhl” (to promise) < SV (but no source word given) with Noldorin “gwaedh”, “gwest” (oath, bond, troth) < Etym. “WED” (bind); compare with “gaz” (mouth) and “gashn-” (say)	more obligatory promise, usually invoking some divine being or spirit, or by leaving a mortgage. E.g. “Gazd turkûrz sha!” (Swear on precious!); if the oath is given to somebody, receiver should be marked with Dative case
message	mont	n	NL < Quenya “menta” (message) < “menta” (to send)	something sent verbally or in written form
message	zarmbont	n	NL, “zarb-” + “mont” (see corresponding articles) > “zarbmont” > “zarmbont”	written message
mind (against)	bugb-	v	LOS, HG < SV “bugjab-” (lit. “against say”)	use with objects in Comitative or Accusative case
moan (for)	nîth-	v	NL < Gnomish “naitha” (to lament, weep, wail for, make moan for) < Primitive Elvish “NAY” (lament), “NYEHE” (weep), “NYE(NE)” (bleat) from which Vala's name “Nienna” was initally explained; see also Gnomish “nurna” (to bewail, lament, complain of) < Primitive Elvish “NURU” (growl, grumble); see also Primitive Elvish roots “ŊAHYA”, “NAẎA” (to grieve, hurt)	coincidental resemblance to Russian “ныть” [nɨtʲ]
mock	yad-	v	NL < Neo-Sindarin “iaeda-” < Etym. “YAY”
mocking	yau	n	NL < Noldorin “iaew” < Etym. “YAY”	uncountable
mortgage	fad-	v	NL < Quenya “vanda” (oath, pledge, solemn promise)	promise to smb. - use with object Dative case
mourn	nîth-	v	NL < Gnomish “naitha” (to lament, weep, wail for, make moan for) < Primitive Elvish “NAY” (lament), “NYEHE” (weep), “NYE(NE)” (bleat) from which Vala's name “Nienna” was initally explained; see also Gnomish “nurna” (to bewail, lament, complain of) < Primitive Elvish “NURU” (growl, grumble); see also Primitive Elvish roots “ŊAHYA”, “NAẎA” (to grieve, hurt)	coincidental resemblance to Russian “ныть” [nɨtʲ]
name	bugd-	v	all major dialects < LL
negotiate	shugb-	v	HG < SV “shúmjâb” (lit. “a lot of talk”)	speak with both sides actively participating; enforcing prefix “thu-” is required for clarifying meanings “debate”, “dispute”, “argue”, “quarrel”; other participant is marked with comitative case; topic is used together with preposition “gus” (about) and noun in accusative
news	gin	n	DS
notes	khish	n	NL < Quenya “eques” (saying, dictum, quotation, statement) < “equë” (to say) merged with Valarin “akašân” = “he (Eru) says”; compare with “gashn-”, “kazh-”
notice	khish	n	NL < Quenya “eques” (saying, dictum, quotation, statement) < “equë” (to say) merged with Valarin “akašân” = “he (Eru) says”; compare with “gashn-”, “kazh-”
number	gûnt	n	NL < ZA “gûnod” < Noldorin “gwanod” < Etym. “NOT” (tale, number)
object (to)	bugb-	v	LOS, HG < SV “bugjab-” (lit. “against say”)	use with objects in Comitative or Accusative case
offer	thrâh-	v	NL “thrag-” (bring) < TK “thrak-” (bring, hale, drag by force)	with prefix “thu-” transforms into “thuthrâh-” (to insist); target person should be marked with dative case
oppose	bugb-	v	LOS, HG < SV “bugjab-” (lit. “against say”)	use with objects in Comitative or Accusative case
order	gashn-	v	LOS, probably from Valarin “akašân” = “he (Eru) says”; compare with NL “goshn”, “gaz”, “gazd”, “kazh”; compare with Sindarin “can” (to cry out, shout, call), “-gon” (either “command” or “revered”) in PN “Turgon”, “Firgon”, all from Etym. “KAN” (dare) and early Primitive Elvish root “KAN” (cry aloud, command, lead, rule)	just make a meaningful sounds, say a word or more, but it's not necessary if other person answered, if speaker heard it, if speaker take the answer into consideration, etc.; with prefix “bhû-” means “predict”; with prefix ”kru-” means “answer”, “reply”; with prefix “ri-” means “interrupt”; with prefix “thu-” means “command”, “order”; do not mix with “ghâsh-” (to burn)
order	kazh-	v	ZB < Valarin “akašân” = “he (Eru) says”
pact	gîzd	n	NL < “gazd-” (swear), Noldorin “gowest” (contract, lit. “swear together”) < Primitive Elvish “wedtā” < Etym. “WED” (bind)
peach	ghînt-	v	NL < merging Quenya “quenta” < Etym. “KWET” (to say) with LOS “gashn-” (to speak, cf.)	direct object — about what/whom to report; indirect object — whom to report
pimp (on)	ghînt-	v	NL < merging Quenya “quenta” < Etym. “KWET” (to say) with LOS “gashn-” (to speak, cf.)	direct object — about what/whom to report; indirect object — whom to report
plead	has-	v	LOS, probably from Quenya “cesta” (to seek, search for, ask) or Qenya “iqista” (“request”, “please”, n) < Etym. “IQI”
please	dahas	expr	lit. “I beg”; see “da”, “has-”
pledge	fad	n	NL < Quenya “vanda” (oath, pledge, solemn promise)
pledge	fad-	v	NL < Quenya “vanda” (oath, pledge, solemn promise)	promise to smb. - use with object Dative case
pledge	gazd-	v	NL, combination of HG “gadhl” (to promise) < SV (but no source word given) with Noldorin “gwaedh”, “gwest” (oath, bond, troth) < Etym. “WED” (bind); compare with “gaz” (mouth) and “gashn-” (say)	more obligatory promise, usually invoking some divine being or spirit, or by leaving a mortgage. E.g. “Gazd turkûrz sha!” (Swear on precious!); if the oath is given to somebody, receiver should be marked with Dative case
plight	skurm	n	NL, merging TK “skai” with abstract suffix “-urm” and NL “skûn-”	uncountable
predict	falkh-	v	NL < SV “falk” (to toss a dice, bone) < MERP “flak” < Albanian (to throw, cast)	literally “toss the bones / dices” букв. “раскинуть кости”
predict	gashn-	v	LOS, probably from Valarin “akašân” = “he (Eru) says”; compare with NL “goshn”, “gaz”, “gazd”, “kazh”; compare with Sindarin “can” (to cry out, shout, call), “-gon” (either “command” or “revered”) in PN “Turgon”, “Firgon”, all from Etym. “KAN” (dare) and early Primitive Elvish root “KAN” (cry aloud, command, lead, rule)	just make a meaningful sounds, say a word or more, but it's not necessary if other person answered, if speaker heard it, if speaker take the answer into consideration, etc.; with prefix “bhû-” means “predict”; with prefix ”kru-” means “answer”, “reply”; with prefix “ri-” means “interrupt”; with prefix “thu-” means “command”, “order”; do not mix with “ghâsh-” (to burn)
proclaimer	omog	n	lit. “mouth”; compare with “Mouth of Sauron”
promise	fad	n	NL < Quenya “vanda” (oath, pledge, solemn promise)
promise	fad-	v	NL < Quenya “vanda” (oath, pledge, solemn promise)	promise to smb. - use with object Dative case
prompt	gît-	v	NL < Quenya “hiuta”, Old Noldorin “gyûta” < Etym. (AC) “ÑIW” (wink, hint); also Gnomish “nautha” (to hint) < Primitive Elvish root “NAVA”	to somebody – use with Dative case
propose	thrâh-	v	NL “thrag-” (bring) < TK “thrak-” (bring, hale, drag by force)	with prefix “thu-” transforms into “thuthrâh-” (to insist); target person should be marked with dative case
quarrel	shugb-	v	HG < SV “shúmjâb” (lit. “a lot of talk”)	speak with both sides actively participating; enforcing prefix “thu-” is required for clarifying meanings “debate”, “dispute”, “argue”, “quarrel”; other participant is marked with comitative case; topic is used together with preposition “gus” (about) and noun in accusative
question	markh-	v	NL, merging question particle “mar” with “khul-” (to demand, request) (see corresponding articles) with obsolete Quenya “maquet” < “quet” (to say, speak, tell)
read	honb-	v	NL < Quenya “cenwa” (reading), “cenda” (to read) < Etym. “KHEN”, “KEN”; see also “hon-”, “hond-”, “hont-”, “kin-”
recommend	thrâh-	v	NL “thrag-” (bring) < TK “thrak-” (bring, hale, drag by force)	with prefix “thu-” transforms into “thuthrâh-” (to insist); target person should be marked with dative case
refuse	narbh-	v	NL, merging BS “nar” with Etym. “AB”, “ABAR” (refuse, deny); compare with “Avari” (elves who refused to go to Aman)	object person should be in dative case
register	dharb-	v	NL, “oth” + “zarb-” (in analogy with Latin) > “odharb-” > “dharb-”; see “oth”, “zarb-”
remark	khish	n	NL < Quenya “eques” (saying, dictum, quotation, statement) < “equë” (to say) merged with Valarin “akašân” = “he (Eru) says”; compare with “gashn-”, “kazh-”
reply	gashn-	v	LOS, probably from Valarin “akašân” = “he (Eru) says”; compare with NL “goshn”, “gaz”, “gazd”, “kazh”; compare with Sindarin “can” (to cry out, shout, call), “-gon” (either “command” or “revered”) in PN “Turgon”, “Firgon”, all from Etym. “KAN” (dare) and early Primitive Elvish root “KAN” (cry aloud, command, lead, rule)	just make a meaningful sounds, say a word or more, but it's not necessary if other person answered, if speaker heard it, if speaker take the answer into consideration, etc.; with prefix “bhû-” means “predict”; with prefix ”kru-” means “answer”, “reply”; with prefix “ri-” means “interrupt”; with prefix “thu-” means “command”, “order”; do not mix with “ghâsh-” (to burn)
report	gauth-	v	NL, merging Sindarin “gweth” (report) with ZA “gaur” (answer); compare with DS “gin” (news, report) < ? Etym. “GWEN” (fresh), Eldarin “win”; Quenya “vinya”?
report	ghînt	n	NL < merging Quenya “quenta” < Etym. “KWET” (to say) with LOS “gashn-” (to speak, cf.); see also “ghîsh”
report	ghînt-	v	NL < merging Quenya “quenta” < Etym. “KWET” (to say) with LOS “gashn-” (to speak, cf.)	direct object — about what/whom to report; indirect object — whom to report
report	nabh	n	NL < Qenya “navillo” (hint, whisper, rumour, suspicion) < Primitive Elvish Root “NAVA”
reputation	nabh	n	NL < Qenya “navillo” (hint, whisper, rumour, suspicion) < Primitive Elvish Root “NAVA”
request	has-	v	LOS, probably from Quenya “cesta” (to seek, search for, ask) or Qenya “iqista” (“request”, “please”, n) < Etym. “IQI”
request	khûl-	v	NL < HG “khul-” (to question, ask); changed to avoid ambiguity with suffixes “-ul” and “-ulg”	add prefix “thu-” to clarify meaning “demand”
response	gauthurm	n	NL, see “gauth-”
retell	gashn-	v	LOS, probably from Valarin “akašân” = “he (Eru) says”; compare with NL “goshn”, “gaz”, “gazd”, “kazh”; compare with Sindarin “can” (to cry out, shout, call), “-gon” (either “command” or “revered”) in PN “Turgon”, “Firgon”, all from Etym. “KAN” (dare) and early Primitive Elvish root “KAN” (cry aloud, command, lead, rule)	just make a meaningful sounds, say a word or more, but it's not necessary if other person answered, if speaker heard it, if speaker take the answer into consideration, etc.; with prefix “bhû-” means “predict”; with prefix ”kru-” means “answer”, “reply”; with prefix “ri-” means “interrupt”; with prefix “thu-” means “command”, “order”; do not mix with “ghâsh-” (to burn)
roast	yad-	v	NL < Neo-Sindarin “iaeda-” < Etym. “YAY”
rough	hazt	adj	MERP; probably from Icelandic “harðdrægur”	metaphorically, about character, speech
rumor	nabh	n	NL < Qenya “navillo” (hint, whisper, rumour, suspicion) < Primitive Elvish Root “NAVA”
rumour	nabh	n	NL < Qenya “navillo” (hint, whisper, rumour, suspicion) < Primitive Elvish Root “NAVA”
rune	gort	n	NL < Quenya “certa”, Sindarin “Certh”; compare with “Cirth”, “Angerthas”
rustle	shlûsh-	v	NL < Etym. “SLUS” (whisper); compare with Quenya “lussa”, Noldorin “floss”, “thross”	onomatopoeic word
saga	shûmg	n	NL < SV “shúmjâb” (literally “a lot of talk”); compare with “shugb-”
say	gashn-	v	LOS, probably from Valarin “akašân” = “he (Eru) says”; compare with NL “goshn”, “gaz”, “gazd”, “kazh”; compare with Sindarin “can” (to cry out, shout, call), “-gon” (either “command” or “revered”) in PN “Turgon”, “Firgon”, all from Etym. “KAN” (dare) and early Primitive Elvish root “KAN” (cry aloud, command, lead, rule)	just make a meaningful sounds, say a word or more, but it's not necessary if other person answered, if speaker heard it, if speaker take the answer into consideration, etc.; with prefix “bhû-” means “predict”; with prefix ”kru-” means “answer”, “reply”; with prefix “ri-” means “interrupt”; with prefix “thu-” means “command”, “order”; do not mix with “ghâsh-” (to burn)
say	kazh-	v	ZB < Valarin “akašân” = “he (Eru) says”
say “no”	narbh-	v	NL, merging BS “nar” with Etym. “AB”, “ABAR” (refuse, deny); compare with “Avari” (elves who refused to go to Aman)	object person should be in dative case
scoff	yad-	v	NL < Neo-Sindarin “iaeda-” < Etym. “YAY”
scorn	yad-	v	NL < Neo-Sindarin “iaeda-” < Etym. “YAY”
scorn	yau	n	NL < Noldorin “iaew” < Etym. “YAY”	uncountable
scream	shaik	n	HG (scream) < LOS “shîk”	high-pitched sound
scream	shîk	n	LOS (scream, n)	high-pitched sound
scream	shîk-	v	LOS (to scream)	make some high-pitched sound
seduce	prakh-	v	all major dialects < LL (to lure); other meanings were added in SV
sending	mont	n	NL < Quenya “menta” (message) < “menta” (to send)	something sent verbally or in written form
shout	goshn-	v	NL < LOS “gashn-” (to say) < Valarin “akašân” = “he (Eru) says” and Sindarin “can” (to cry out, shout call), “-gon” (either “command” or “revered”) in PN “Turgon”, “Firgon”, all from Etym. “KAN” (dare) and early Primitive Elvish root “KAN” (cry aloud, command, lead, rule)
shriek	shaik	n	HG (scream) < LOS “shîk”	high-pitched sound
shriek	shîk	n	LOS (scream, n)	high-pitched sound
shriek	shîk-	v	LOS (to scream)	make some high-pitched sound
sign	tan	n	NL < Quenya “tanna”
sing	lash-	v	LOS (LUG), HG < SV “aklash” (music)
snitch	ghînt-	v	NL < merging Quenya “quenta” < Etym. “KWET” (to say) with LOS “gashn-” (to speak, cf.)	direct object — about what/whom to report; indirect object — whom to report
song	laush	n	NL < HG (music, song) < SV “aklash” (music), “jâbklash” (song); compare with “lash-” (to sing)
speak	gashn-	v	LOS, probably from Valarin “akašân” = “he (Eru) says”; compare with NL “goshn”, “gaz”, “gazd”, “kazh”; compare with Sindarin “can” (to cry out, shout, call), “-gon” (either “command” or “revered”) in PN “Turgon”, “Firgon”, all from Etym. “KAN” (dare) and early Primitive Elvish root “KAN” (cry aloud, command, lead, rule)	just make a meaningful sounds, say a word or more, but it's not necessary if other person answered, if speaker heard it, if speaker take the answer into consideration, etc.; with prefix “bhû-” means “predict”; with prefix ”kru-” means “answer”, “reply”; with prefix “ri-” means “interrupt”; with prefix “thu-” means “command”, “order”; do not mix with “ghâsh-” (to burn)
speech	lâm	n	LOS < Quenya “lamba” (physical tongue) < Etym. “LAB” (lick); Quenya “lambë” (language, speech), Noldorin “glamb”, “glamm” (shouting noise; barbarous, orc speech) < Etym. “ÑGALAM” (talk loud)
squeal	shaik	n	HG (scream) < LOS “shîk”	high-pitched sound
squeal	shîk	n	LOS (scream, n)	high-pitched sound
squeal	shîk-	v	LOS (to scream)	make some high-pitched sound
stamp	drab-	v	Noldorin “dravo” (to hew) < Etym. “DARÁM” (to beat, hew); compare with “drag”, “dramp-”, “drang”	to make an inscription or image by removing material with hewing tools
statement	khish	n	NL < Quenya “eques” (saying, dictum, quotation, statement) < “equë” (to say) merged with Valarin “akašân” = “he (Eru) says”; compare with “gashn-”, “kazh-”
story	ghînt	n	NL < merging Quenya “quenta” < Etym. “KWET” (to say) with LOS “gashn-” (to speak, cf.); see also “ghîsh”
story	shûmg	n	NL < SV “shúmjâb” (literally “a lot of talk”); compare with “shugb-”
suggest	thrâh-	v	NL “thrag-” (bring) < TK “thrak-” (bring, hale, drag by force)	with prefix “thu-” transforms into “thuthrâh-” (to insist); target person should be marked with dative case
suppose	ton-	v	NL < LOS “tonprakh” < SV (to suppose, presume) < LL “prakh” (to lure)
swear	gazd-	v	NL, combination of HG “gadhl” (to promise) < SV (but no source word given) with Noldorin “gwaedh”, “gwest” (oath, bond, troth) < Etym. “WED” (bind); compare with “gaz” (mouth) and “gashn-” (say)	more obligatory promise, usually invoking some divine being or spirit, or by leaving a mortgage. E.g. “Gazd turkûrz sha!” (Swear on precious!); if the oath is given to somebody, receiver should be marked with Dative case
sweet-speaking	glizg	n	NL < Gnomish “glisc” (fond of sweets; fond of saying sweet or flattering things, suave, flattering); compare with Quenya “lissë” and Sindarin “laich” both meaning “sweet”	uncountable
symbol	tan	n	NL < Quenya “tanna”
tale	shûmg	n	NL < SV “shúmjâb” (literally “a lot of talk”); compare with “shugb-”
talk	shugb-	v	HG < SV “shúmjâb” (lit. “a lot of talk”)	speak with both sides actively participating; enforcing prefix “thu-” is required for clarifying meanings “debate”, “dispute”, “argue”, “quarrel”; other participant is marked with comitative case; topic is used together with preposition “gus” (about) and noun in accusative
tell	gashn-	v	LOS, probably from Valarin “akašân” = “he (Eru) says”; compare with NL “goshn”, “gaz”, “gazd”, “kazh”; compare with Sindarin “can” (to cry out, shout, call), “-gon” (either “command” or “revered”) in PN “Turgon”, “Firgon”, all from Etym. “KAN” (dare) and early Primitive Elvish root “KAN” (cry aloud, command, lead, rule)	just make a meaningful sounds, say a word or more, but it's not necessary if other person answered, if speaker heard it, if speaker take the answer into consideration, etc.; with prefix “bhû-” means “predict”; with prefix ”kru-” means “answer”, “reply”; with prefix “ri-” means “interrupt”; with prefix “thu-” means “command”, “order”; do not mix with “ghâsh-” (to burn)
thank	kamsh-	v	NL < SV “kamush” (thanks)	with object in accusative case, but “say thanks to” with dative case
token	tan	n	NL < Quenya “tanna”
tongue	lâm	n	LOS < Quenya “lamba” (physical tongue) < Etym. “LAB” (lick); Quenya “lambë” (language, speech), Noldorin “glamb”, “glamm” (shouting noise; barbarous, orc speech) < Etym. “ÑGALAM” (talk loud)
translate	dronz-	v	HG
treaty	gîzd	n	NL < “gazd-” (swear), Noldorin “gowest” (contract, lit. “swear together”) < Primitive Elvish “wedtā” < Etym. “WED” (bind)
trick	prakh-	v	all major dialects < LL (to lure); other meanings were added in SV
untruth	lân	n	NL < early Noldorin “orvlann” (without deceit) < “bland” (lie)	uncountable
utterance	khish	n	NL < Quenya “eques” (saying, dictum, quotation, statement) < “equë” (to say) merged with Valarin “akašân” = “he (Eru) says”; compare with “gashn-”, “kazh-”
voice	mog	n	TK, AO, LR; abandoned translation of PN “Gothmog” as “Master's voice”; see “omog”
voice	omog	n	NL, merging rejected TK BS “mog” with Quenya “óma” < Etym. “OM” to avoid confusion with other two meanings of “mog”
vow	gazd-	v	NL, combination of HG “gadhl” (to promise) < SV (but no source word given) with Noldorin “gwaedh”, “gwest” (oath, bond, troth) < Etym. “WED” (bind); compare with “gaz” (mouth) and “gashn-” (say)	more obligatory promise, usually invoking some divine being or spirit, or by leaving a mortgage. E.g. “Gazd turkûrz sha!” (Swear on precious!); if the oath is given to somebody, receiver should be marked with Dative case
wail (over, about)	nîth-	v	NL < Gnomish “naitha” (to lament, weep, wail for, make moan for) < Primitive Elvish “NAY” (lament), “NYEHE” (weep), “NYE(NE)” (bleat) from which Vala's name “Nienna” was initally explained; see also Gnomish “nurna” (to bewail, lament, complain of) < Primitive Elvish “NURU” (growl, grumble); see also Primitive Elvish roots “ŊAHYA”, “NAẎA” (to grieve, hurt)	coincidental resemblance to Russian “ныть” [nɨtʲ]
warn	razg-	v	NL < Quenya “raxë” (danger)
warrant	fad-	v	NL < Quenya “vanda” (oath, pledge, solemn promise)	promise to smb. - use with object Dative case
whine	shaik	n	HG (scream) < LOS “shîk”	high-pitched sound
whine	shîk	n	LOS (scream, n)	high-pitched sound
whine	shîk-	v	LOS (to scream)	make some high-pitched sound
whisper	shlûsh-	v	NL < Etym. “SLUS” (whisper); compare with Quenya “lussa”, Noldorin “floss”, “thross”	onomatopoeic word
wink	gît-	v	NL < Quenya “hiuta”, Old Noldorin “gyûta” < Etym. (AC) “ÑIW” (wink, hint); also Gnomish “nautha” (to hint) < Primitive Elvish root “NAVA”	to somebody – use with Dative case
witness	ghînt	n	NL < merging Quenya “quenta” < Etym. “KWET” (to say) with LOS “gashn-” (to speak, cf.); see also “ghîsh”
witness (against smb.)	ghînt-	v	NL < merging Quenya “quenta” < Etym. “KWET” (to say) with LOS “gashn-” (to speak, cf.)	direct object — about what/whom to report; indirect object — whom to report
word	ghîsh	n	NL, merging Quenya “quetta” and Gnomish “cweth” < Etym. “KWET” (to say) with LOS “gashn-” (to speak)
write	zarb-	v	NL < Khuzdul “ZRB”
yammer	nîth-	v	NL < Gnomish “naitha” (to lament, weep, wail for, make moan for) < Primitive Elvish “NAY” (lament), “NYEHE” (weep), “NYE(NE)” (bleat) from which Vala's name “Nienna” was initally explained; see also Gnomish “nurna” (to bewail, lament, complain of) < Primitive Elvish “NURU” (growl, grumble); see also Primitive Elvish roots “ŊAHYA”, “NAẎA” (to grieve, hurt)	coincidental resemblance to Russian “ныть” [nɨtʲ]
yammer	shîk-	v	LOS (to scream)	make some high-pitched sound
yell	shaik	n	HG (scream) < LOS “shîk”	high-pitched sound
yell	shîk	n	LOS (scream, n)	high-pitched sound
yell	shîk-	v	LOS (to scream)	make some high-pitched sound
yelp	shaik	n	HG (scream) < LOS “shîk”	high-pitched sound
yelp	shîk	n	LOS (scream, n)	high-pitched sound
yelp	shîk-	v	LOS (to scream)	make some high-pitched sound
yep	akh	expr	LOS	literally means “agree”, used as equivalent of English affirmative response “yes” букв. “согласен”
yes	akh	expr	LOS	literally means “agree”, used as equivalent of English affirmative response “yes” букв. “согласен”

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