Wordlist: Auxiliary

This page will contain list of function words that rarely used stand-alone but still have it's own meaning like adpositions, conjunctions, conjunctive adverbs, various clitic words. It also will contain some interjections.

English	Nûrlâm	Part of speech	Etymology	Comments
's	b	postp	EL “ob”	genitive case suffix after vowel
's	ob	postp	EL	genitive case suffix
's	ub	suffix	LOS < EL “-ob” (see corresponding article)	only in Colloquial speech; genitive case suffix used rarely with some pronouns instead of “-ob”
(accusative case suffix)	ish	suffix	LOS “izish” (me)	Accusative / Objectve case suffix
(accusative case suffix)	sh	suffix	LOS “izish” (me)	Accusative / Objectve case suffix after vowel
(adverb suffix)	arz	suffix	LOS < SV similative case ending “-ârz”	1) suffix for making adverbs from adjectives; replaces suffix “-ûrz” if it was present in initial adjective, added after otherwise; 2) makes pro-adverbs of reason from pronouns
(do smth.) back	kru	prefix	NL < LOS “krul” (“two”), “krut” (“back”, adv)	prefix of repeated action or fallback to previous state префикс повторного действия, возврата в предыдущее состояние, например в таких словах как “отвоевать”, “переделать”, “возвращаться”, “повторить” и т.п.
(infinitive suffix)	ut	suffix	NL
(participle, infinitive or gerundive suffix)	at	suffix	TK, CBS, LOTR, RI	participle, infinitive or gerundive suffix
(particularizing suffix/article)	um	suffix	TK, CBS, LOTR, RI
(past / perfect tense suffix)	uz	suffix	LOS	past/perfect tense suffix
(prefix of undoing the action)	nan	prefix	NL < Quenya “nancar” (to undo)	prefix of cancelled action префикс отмены действия
(present active participle suffix)	ug	suffix	TK, DBS, LOTR, PN “Radbug”, OC “pushdug”
(prospective aspect suffix)	uth	adv	NL < Gnomish “mu”, “mutha” (will, I am going to, I am about to) + LOS “gûth” (almost, nearly)	usually have a tone of intention; see also verb “pant-”
(to the) inside	ishi	postp	TK, CBS, LOTR, RI; Quenya locative case ending “-ssë”	Illative case suffix. Motion inside place or object
-forth	agh ir	conj		about location
-forth	agh la	conj		about time
-like	si	postp	NL < Quenya “sívë”, Sindarin “sui”	essive case suffix may be used to translate adjectives like “foolish”, “friendly”
about	gus	prep	LOS < MB	mention somebody or something; use with objects in accusative case
about	oth	adv	TK, AO, BOLT, PN “Othrod”; Etym. “OS-” (about, around); Sindarin “ost”, “os”, “oth” (fortress, city)	speculative translation
about (time)	kurn	prep	LOS < Quenya “corna” (round, adj.) < Etym. “KOR”	use with objects in accusative case
above	tala	prep	EL; ? probably from Etym. “TÂ, TAGH-” (high, lofty) or “TALAM” (floor, base) or “DAL” (flat)	use with objects in accusative case
accordingly	mbursharz	adv	NL < LOS “mbursh” < MB
across	as	postp	LOS	use with object in accusative case
after (place)	it	postp, adv	LOS	use with objects in genitive case
after (time)	la	prep, adv	LOS	use with objects in accusative case
after all (this)	la za ûk	expr	lit. “after this all”
after that	lazîg	adv	NL, see “la”, “zîg”
against	kau	conj, prep, prefix	HG (only as preposition)
against (someone)	bug	prep	SV	use with objects in Accusative case
all the same	konarz	pro	NL, see “kon” and “arz”
almost	gûth	adv	LOS; see also “uth”
along	as	postp	NL < LOS “as” (across, through)	use with object in accusative case
along	ulmakh	prep, adv	SV	not recommended, use “as” instead; use with objects in accusative case
along with	shâs	conj	TK “sha” + LOS “as”
alongside	ulmakh	prep, adv	SV	not recommended, use “as” instead; use with objects in accusative case
also	shazârz	conj, adv	NL, lit. “with this manner”, see “sha” and “zârz”	meanings “too” and “either” only in the end of the English phrase
also	shuz	conj	NL < LOS “shum” (very much, too much) < MERP (big, great) < Albanian	meanings “too” and “either” only in the end of the English phrase
although	nân	conj	LOS < Quenya “nan” (but, on the contrary, on the other hand), “ono”	introduces contrary ideas
always	ilûk	pro	NL, see “il” and “ûk”
always	ok	adv	NL < HG “okû”; compare with NL “gok” (flat, even)	used as clitic adverb of aspect (habitual, iterative); gains meaning ”used to” (regular action in the past, not familiriaty with) only together with verb in past tense
amidst	ri	postp	LOS	intrative case suffix
among	ri	postp	LOS	intrative case suffix
amongst	ri	postp	LOS	intrative case suffix
and	agh	conj	TK, CBS, LOTR, RI; Urartian “aye”?
and after	agh ir	conj		about location
and after	agh la	conj		about time
and later	agh la	conj		about time
another	isk	pro	NL, merging Quenya “exë” + LOS “izg” (I)	used as part of other indefinite pronouns and adverbs
another time	ilisk	pro	NL, see “il” and “isk”
anti-	kau	conj, prep, prefix	HG (only as preposition)
any	kon	pro	SV (anyone, anything, someone, anybody, somebody, somewhat)	used as part of some other indefinite pronouns; used only in declarative sentences, see “makon” for interrogative and dubitative modalities
any people	haikon	pro	NL, see “hai”, “kon”	only in Colloquial speech; use unanimated “ashkon” in Standard Nûrlâm
any?	makon	pro	NL, see “mash”, “kon”	only with interrogative (questions) and dubitative moods
anybody	ashkon	pro	NL, see “ash”, “kon”	Colloquial language has distinct word for “anyone; anybody” (see “haikon”)
anybody	haikon	pro	NL, see “hai”, “kon”	only in Colloquial speech; use unanimated “ashkon” in Standard Nûrlâm
anybody else	haisk	pro	NL, see “hai”, “isk”	only in Colloquial speech; use unanimated “ashisk” in Standard Nûrlâm
anyhow	konarz	pro	NL, see “kon” and “arz”
anymore	konarzar	pro	see “kon”; comparative form	usually with negation
anyone	ashkon	pro	NL, see “ash”, “kon”	Colloquial language has distinct word for “anyone; anybody” (see “haikon”)
anyone	haikon	pro	NL, see “hai”, “kon”	only in Colloquial speech; use unanimated “ashkon” in Standard Nûrlâm
anyone else	haisk	pro	NL, see “hai”, “isk”	only in Colloquial speech; use unanimated “ashisk” in Standard Nûrlâm
anything	ashkon	pro	NL, see “ash”, “kon”	Colloquial language has distinct word for “anyone; anybody” (see “haikon”)
anything else	ashisk	pro	NL, see “ash”, “isk”
anytime	ilkon	pro	NL, see “il” and “kon”
anyway	arzkon	pro	NL, see “kon” and “arz”
anyway	konarz	pro	NL, see “kon” and “arz”
anywhere	inkon	pro	NL, see “in” and “kon”
apart (from)	rihikug	presp	NL, see “ri”, “hik”
around	oth	adv	TK, AO, BOLT, PN “Othrod”; Etym. “OS-” (about, around); Sindarin “ost”, “os”, “oth” (fortress, city)	speculative translation
around (place)	kurn	postp	LOS < Quenya “corna” (round, adj.) < Etym. “KOR”	use with objects in accusative case; add suffix “-arz” to transform into adverb
around (time)	kurn	prep	LOS < Quenya “corna” (round, adj.) < Etym. “KOR”	use with objects in accusative case
as	oth	prep	TK, AO, BOLT, PN “Othrod”; Etym. “OS-” (about, around); Sindarin “ost”, “os”, “oth” (fortress, city)	speculative translation
as (period of time)	kusn	conj, prep	LOS < SV or MB	use with objects in accusative case
as (…) as (…)	zash (…) (…)si	expr	see “zash”, “si”
as (…) as (…)	zash (…) oth (…)	expr	see “zash”, “oth”
as (…) as (…)	zash (…) zash (…)	expr	see “zash”
as a	si	postp	NL < Quenya “sívë”, Sindarin “sui”	essive case suffix may be used to translate adjectives like “foolish”, “friendly”
as far as	zash baubarz zash	expr	see “zash”, “baub”
as far as (smb. concerned)	zamash gus	expr	lit. “that about”
as far as (…)	zash mak (…) zash (…)	expr	see “zash”, “mak”
as for (smb./smth.)	zamash gus	expr	lit. “that about”
as if	ghungsi	conj	see “ghung”, “si”
as long as	zash rodharz zash	expr	see “zash”, “rodh”
as much (…) as (…)	zash mak (…) zash (…)	expr	see “zash”, “mak”
as soon as	zash uth zash	expr	see “zash”, “uth”
as the result	laskâturmsi	expr	NL < LOS “la” (after) + “skât-” (to come) + “si” (as)
as though	ghungsi	conj	see “ghung”, “si”
as well	shazârz	conj, adv	NL, lit. “with this manner”, see “sha” and “zârz”	meanings “too” and “either” only in the end of the English phrase
aside	rihikug	presp	NL, see “ri”, “hik”
at	ir	postp	LOS	adessive case suffix; denotes static presence at/on surface; not about time
at	or	postp	LOS	Inessive case suffix, static presence; only about space in Standard Nûrlâm; in colloquial speech preposition “shi” is used
at	r	postp	LOS “ir”, “or”	adessive or inessive case suffix after vowel in colloquial speech; denotes static presence at or inside object
at	shi	prep	LOS	only about exact time in Standard Nûrlâm, may refer to place in colloquial speech
at	zir	postp	LOS “ir”	adessive case suffix after vowel; denotes static presence at/on surface
at	zor	postp	LOS “or”	Inessive case suffix after vowel, static presence
at last	gorzarz	adv	NL < DS “gorz-” (to end, finish)
atop	tala	prep	EL; ? probably from Etym. “TÂ, TAGH-” (high, lofty) or “TALAM” (floor, base) or “DAL” (flat)	use with objects in accusative case
away from	bo	postp	LOS < HG	ablative case suffix; denotes motion from surface
aye	akh	expr	LOS	literally means “agree”, used as equivalent of English affirmative response “yes” букв. “согласен”
barely	musharz	adv	LOS (“nearly”) < MB, SV “mûsh” (close, next to, near, at)
barely	âzh	adv	NL	clitic adverb of aspect
be about to	uth	adv	NL < Gnomish “mu”, “mutha” (will, I am going to, I am about to) + LOS “gûth” (almost, nearly)	usually have a tone of intention; see also verb “pant-”
be going to	uth	adv	NL < Gnomish “mu”, “mutha” (will, I am going to, I am about to) + LOS “gûth” (almost, nearly)	usually have a tone of intention; see also verb “pant-”
because	taitaga	pastp	see “tait-”	past passive participle “caused” used in adjectival phrase, which is an archaic way to express; the subject of dependent clause becomes object in Instrumental case
because	zîgah zamash	expr	see “zîgah”, “zamash”	inserted between result and the cause, when the result is presented before the cause; lit. “from that that”
because of that	zîgûr	pro	NL < “zîg” + “ûr” (see corresponding articles)	lit. “for that”
before (place)	ik	postp	LOS	use with objects in genitive case
before (time)	ik	prep, conj	LOS	use with objects in accusative case; not used as standalone “before” (see “dok” instead)
before (time)	ugil	prep	SV	use with objects in accusative case; only in colloquial speech, “ik” is more preferable variant
before long	uth	adv	NL < Gnomish “mu”, “mutha” (will, I am going to, I am about to) + LOS “gûth” (almost, nearly)	usually have a tone of intention; see also verb “pant-”
behind	it	postp, adv	LOS	use with objects in genitive case
below	lata	prep	EL, the word “tala” reversed or Etym. “LAD”, “LAT” (flat)	use with objects in accusative case
beneath	lata	prep	EL, the word “tala” reversed or Etym. “LAD”, “LAT” (flat)	use with objects in accusative case
beside(s)	rihikug	presp	NL, see “ri”, “hik”
besides	rambarz	adv, conj	NL, literally “sidely”, see “ramb” (n)	with noun in genitive or ablative case
between	ri	postp	LOS	intrative case suffix
beyond	ithu	prep	NL, merging LOS “it” + LOS “thu” + HG “izu”	use with objects in genitive case
beyond	thu	postp	LOS (beyond)
both	za agh zîg	expr	lit. “this and that”	used for answering alternative questions
both	zîg agh isk	expr	lit. “that and another”	used for answering alternative questions
both (…) and (…)	agh (…) agh (…)	expr	TK “agh” (and)
but	ap	conj	NL < Quenya “apa”
but	nân	conj	LOS < Quenya “nan” (but, on the contrary, on the other hand), “ono”	introduces contrary ideas
but a	rihikug	presp	NL, see “ri”, “hik”
by	irzi	postp	LOS “irzi” (by)	instrumental case suffix
by	rzi	postp	LOS “irzi” (by)	instrumental case suffix after vowel
by (place)	as	postp	NL < LOS “as” (across, through)	use with object in accusative case
by (some time)	ik	prep, conj	LOS	use with objects in accusative case; not used as standalone “before” (see “dok” instead)
by (some time)	ugil	prep	SV	use with objects in accusative case; only in colloquial speech, “ik” is more preferable variant
by (time)	zi	prep	LOS (“until”)	use with objects in accusative case or dependent clauses in past or future, but not present tense; with dependent clauses “amilu” is preferred используется с существительными в винительном падеже или подчинённым предложением в прошедшем или будущем времени, но без отрицательной частицы; с подчинёнными предложениями лучше использовать “amilu”
by means of	irzi	postp	LOS “irzi” (by)	instrumental case suffix
by means of	rzi	postp	LOS “irzi” (by)	instrumental case suffix after vowel
by that	zîgarz	pro	NL < “zîg” + “arz” (see corresponding articles)
by that	zîgirzi	pro	see “zîg”, “irzi”
by the time (when)	ik ilum (amil)	expr	see “ik”, “il”, “amil”
by the way	iskri	conj, pro	see “isk”, “ri”	literally “between the other things”
by the way	mush mûlu	expr	see “mush”, “mûl”
by the way	mûlarz	adv	see “mush”, “mûl”	literally “roadly”
by this	zarzi	pro	see “za”, “irzi”
by use of	irzi	postp	LOS “irzi” (by)	instrumental case suffix
by use of	rzi	postp	LOS “irzi” (by)	instrumental case suffix after vowel
by which	amashirzi	pro, conj	NL, see “amash”, “irzi”
caused (by)	taitaga	pastp	see “tait-”	past passive participle “caused” used in adjectival phrase, which is an archaic way to express; the subject of dependent clause becomes object in Instrumental case
certainly	durtarz	adv	see “durt”
certainly	rûzarz	adv	see “rûz”
chamber	amb	n	NL < Noldorin “thamb” (hall), Quenya “sambe” (room, chamber), Primitive Elvish “stambē”, “stabnē” < Etym. “STAB”	may be used in compond words, as a suffix, usually about some room, building or space (like -ry in “armory”, “cemetary”, “mortuary”)
completely	ûk	adv	TK, CBS, LOTR, RI; ? Hurrian “-ok-” (fully, really)	clitic, aspect suffix
concerning	gus	prep	LOS < MB	mention somebody or something; use with objects in accusative case
concerning	zamash gus	expr	lit. “that about”
consequently	laskâturmsi	expr	NL < LOS “la” (after) + “skât-” (to come) + “si” (as)
considering that	ûstug zamash	expr	NL, see “ûst-”, “zamash”
considering this	ûstug za	expr	NL, see “ûst-”, “za”
counter-	kau	conj, prep, prefix	HG (only as preposition)
despite	narhonug (…)u (…)	expr	NL, see “nar”, “hon-”, “u”
despite	pûthug (…)u	expr	NL, see “pûth-”, “-u”
despite that	narhonug zîgu	expr	NL, see “nar”, “hon-”, “zîg”, “u”
dis-	nan	prefix	NL < Quenya “nancar” (to undo)	prefix of cancelled action префикс отмены действия
dis-	ri	prefix	LOS “ri” (between)	used as prefix or suffix to modify meaning of verbs like “interrupt”, “interfere”, “prevent”, “disrupt” префикс прерванного действия в глаголах “вмешаться”, “прервать”, “предотвратить”, “перебивать”
during	furn	prep	NL < Etym. “BORÓN” (to last, endure), compare with Quenya “vor”, “vora”, “vorë”, “voro”, etc. Similarity with English “for” is accidental	used with objects in accusative case только о времени
during	kusn	conj, prep	LOS < SV or MB	use with objects in accusative case
each	ûgh	pro	LOS < HG “ûgh-” (to suffice), probably from TK “-ûk” (completely, fully, totally)	used as part of other indefinite pronouns and adverbs
either	ashkon	pro	NL, see “ash”, “kon”	Colloquial language has distinct word for “anyone; anybody” (see “haikon”)
either	kon	pro	SV (anyone, anything, someone, anybody, somebody, somewhat)	used as part of some other indefinite pronouns; used only in declarative sentences, see “makon” for interrogative and dubitative modalities
either	shuz	conj	NL < LOS “shum” (very much, too much) < MERP (big, great) < Albanian	meanings “too” and “either” only in the end of the English phrase
either	ûgh	pro	LOS < HG “ûgh-” (to suffice), probably from TK “-ûk” (completely, fully, totally)	used as part of other indefinite pronouns and adverbs
either (…) or (…)	ogh (…) ogh (…)	expr	LOS (SN) “ogh” (or)
else	arzisk	pro	NL, see “isk” and “arz”	used also as conjunction
else	iskarz	pro	NL, see “isk” and “arz”	used also as conjunction
else when	ilisk	pro	NL, see “il” and “isk”
elsewhen	ilisk	pro	NL, see “il” and “isk”
elsewhere	inisk	pro	NL, see “in” and “isk”
even	yal	conj	HG	only conjunction, not adjective with meanings “divisible by 2”, “equal”, “flat”, etc.
even if	yal ghung	expr	see “yal” and “ghung”
even though	yal ghung	expr	see “yal” and “ghung”
ever?	milkon	pro	NL, see “mil”, “kon”	only with interrogative (questions) and dubitative moods
every	ûgh	pro	LOS < HG “ûgh-” (to suffice), probably from TK “-ûk” (completely, fully, totally)	used as part of other indefinite pronouns and adverbs
every time	ilûgh	pro	NL, see “il” and “ûgh”
every way	ûgharz	pro	NL, see “ûgh”, “arz”
everybody	ashûgh	pro	NL, see “ash”, “ûgh”	Colloquial language has distinct word for “everyone; everybody” (see “hai-ûgh”)
everybody	hai-ûgh	pro	NL, see “hai”, “ûgh”	only in Colloquial speech; use unanimated “ashûgh” in Standard Nûrlâm
everyone	ashûgh	pro	NL, see “ash”, “ûgh”	Colloquial language has distinct word for “everyone; everybody” (see “hai-ûgh”)
everyone	hai-ûgh	pro	NL, see “hai”, “ûgh”	only in Colloquial speech; use unanimated “ashûgh” in Standard Nûrlâm
everything	ashûgh	pro	NL, see “ash”, “ûgh”	Colloquial language has distinct word for “everyone; everybody” (see “hai-ûgh”)
everyway	ûgharz	pro	NL, see “ûgh”, “arz”
everywhen	ilûgh	pro	NL, see “il” and “ûgh”
everywhere	inûgh	pro	NL, see “in” and “ûgh”
except	rihikug	presp	NL, see “ri”, “hik”
excluding	rihikug	presp	NL, see “ri”, “hik”
female	niz	n, suffix	NL < Quenya “nís” (noun “woman”)	“feminizer” suffix as “-ess” or “she-”
few	mûd	pro	HG (“some”), probably from LOS, MB “mupsh”	used as part of other indefinite pronouns and adverbs
finally	gorzarz	adv	NL < DS “gorz-” (to end, finish)
finally	ûk	adv	TK, CBS, LOTR, RI; ? Hurrian “-ok-” (fully, really)	clitic, aspect suffix
folk	hai	suffix	TK, CBS, AO, LOTR, UT; ? Adûnaic suffix “-lâi” (folk) < Quenya “lië” (people), Sindarin “lî”, Early Noldorin “lhai” (folk, host, people) < Primitive Elvish “LÎ”; compare also with Qenya “hos(se)”, Noldorin “hoth” (host, crowd) < Etym. “KHOTH” (to gather)	used in names of races as whole like “uruk-hai”, “olog-hai” etc.
for	zûr	postp	EL “ûr”	dative case suffix after vowel
for	ûr	postp	EL, probably from Quenya dative ending “ur”	dative case suffix
for (reason)	zârzamarz	conj	see “zârz”, “amarz”	like in expression “for I have sinned”
for (time)	furn	prep	NL < Etym. “BORÓN” (to last, endure), compare with Quenya “vor”, “vora”, “vorë”, “voro”, etc. Similarity with English “for” is accidental	used with objects in accusative case только о времени
for any reason	konûr	pro	NL, see “kon” and “ûr”
for every reason	ûghûr	pro	NL, see “ûgh”, “ûr”
for no reason	narûr	pro	NL, see “nar” and “ûr”
for nothing	narûr	pro	NL, see “nar” and “ûr”
for sake (of)	ûrarz	adv	NL	with noun in genitive case
for some reason	mûdûr	pro	NL, see “mûd”, “ûr”
for sure	durtarz	adv	see “durt”
for sure	rûzarz	adv	see “rûz”
for this (reason)	zazûr	pro	NL < “za” + “-zûr” (see corresponding articles)
fore-	bhû	prefix	HG	prefix of prepared action like in “predict”, “predestination” префикс заранее подготовленного действия, например “приготовить”, “предназначать”
from	ghâr	prep	HG < LOS “ghâra”	only about time; use with objects in accusative case
from (bottom to top)	ah	postp	NL < HG prefix “ah-” (he of, he from)	elative case suffix; denotes motion from inside
from (bottom to top)	zah	postp	NL < HG prefix “ah-” (he of, he from)	elative case suffix after vowel; denotes motion from inside
from (top to bottom)	bo	postp	LOS < HG	ablative case suffix; denotes motion from surface
from inside	ah	postp	NL < HG prefix “ah-” (he of, he from)	elative case suffix; denotes motion from inside
from inside	zah	postp	NL < HG prefix “ah-” (he of, he from)	elative case suffix after vowel; denotes motion from inside
from now	zilah	pro	NL < “za” + “il” + “ah” (see corresponding articles)	only about time; in Modern analytical style should be replaced with “ghâr zil”
from outside of	bo	postp	LOS < HG	ablative case suffix; denotes motion from surface
from that	zîgah	pro	NL < “zîg” + “-ah” (see corresponding articles)	inserted between action and the result or consequences
from that (place)	zîginah	pro	NL < “zîg” + “in” + “ah” (see corresponding articles)	only about location
from that (time)	zîgilah	pro	NL < “zîg” + “in” + “ah” (see corresponding articles)	only about time; in Modern analytical style should be replaced with “lazil” or “ghâr zîgil”
from there	zîginah	pro	NL < “zîg” + “in” + “ah” (see corresponding articles)	only about location
from this	zazah	pro	NL < “za” + “-ah” (see corresponding articles)	inserted between action and the result or consequences; not about location
from this place	zinah	pro	NL < “za” + “in” + “ah” (see corresponding articles)	only about direction
from where	aminah	pro	NL, see “amin”, “ah”	1) after location 2) between action and result 3) between reason and consequences
fully	ûk	adv	TK, CBS, LOTR, RI; ? Hurrian “-ok-” (fully, really)	clitic, aspect suffix
furthermore	makarzar zîgob	expr	see “mak”, “zîg”, “ob”
furthermore	zîgir	conj, pro	see “zîg”, “ir”
hardly	âzh	adv	NL	clitic adverb of aspect
hence	zazah	pro	NL < “za” + “-ah” (see corresponding articles)	inserted between action and the result or consequences; not about location
hence	zilah	pro	NL < “za” + “il” + “ah” (see corresponding articles)	only about time; in Modern analytical style should be replaced with “ghâr zil”
hence	zinah	pro	NL < “za” + “in” + “ah” (see corresponding articles)	only about direction
henceforth	zilah	pro	NL < “za” + “il” + “ah” (see corresponding articles)	only about time; in Modern analytical style should be replaced with “ghâr zil”
her	an	pro	NL < Hurrian absolutive 3rd singular clitic “-n(na)”	Standard: any 3rd person singular objective enclitic pronoun; Colloquial: not used
here	zin	pro	NL < “za” + “in” (see corresponding articles)
hereby	zarzi	pro	see “za”, “irzi”
hereby	zârz	pro	NL < “za” + “arz” (see corresponding articles)
herefore	zazûr	pro	NL < “za” + “-zûr” (see corresponding articles)
herefrom	zilah	pro	NL < “za” + “il” + “ah” (see corresponding articles)	only about time; in Modern analytical style should be replaced with “ghâr zil”
hereto	zazu	pro	NL < “za” + “-u” (see corresponding articles)	addition to subject
hereto	zilu	pro	NL, “zil” (now) + allative case suffix “-u”	only about time; in Modern analytical style should be replaced with “zizil”
hereto	zinu	pro	NL < “za” + “in” + “u” (see corresponding articles)	only about direction
herself	îm	pro	NL < Quenya “immo”	may be used as prefix “self-”
him	an	pro	NL < Hurrian absolutive 3rd singular clitic “-n(na)”	Standard: any 3rd person singular objective enclitic pronoun; Colloquial: not used
himself	îm	pro	NL < Quenya “immo”	may be used as prefix “self-”
hither	zinu	pro	NL < “za” + “in” + “u” (see corresponding articles)	only about direction
how	amarz	pro	NL, see “mash”, “arz”	only relative; see “marz” for question particle
how many	amak	pro	NL < LOS “mash” + SV “mak” (see corresponding articles)	only relative; see “mamak” for interrogative counterpart
how much	amak	pro	NL < LOS “mash” + SV “mak” (see corresponding articles)	only relative; see “mamak” for interrogative counterpart
how?	marz	pro	NL, see “mash”, “arz”	only interrogative (in questions); see “amarz” for relative counterpart
however	marzkon	pro	NL, see “marz”, “kon”	only with interrogative (questions) and dubitative moods
however	nar mikarzar zîgob	expr	see individual words	lit. “not less of that”
huh?	mar	expr	LOS (LUG)	in Standard Nûrlâm used as prefix of interrogative mood
I daresay	dahûr gashnut	expr	NL, lit. “I dare to say”; see “da”, “hûr-”, “gashn-”
i.e.	zîg kulâ	expr	see “zîg”, “kul-”
id est	zîg kulâ	expr	see “zîg”, “kul-”
if	ghung	conj	LOS < SV < SV “ghug” (to be, live, exist)
if I were (smb./smth.)	dakulg (…)si	expr	NL, see “da”, “kul-”, “si”; 1SG=be-SJV (…)=ESS;
immediately	ad	adv	NL < LOS “rad” (now)	see “rad”, used only with verbs ending with several consonants
in	ishi	postp	TK, CBS, LOTR, RI; Quenya locative case ending “-ssë”	Illative case suffix. Motion inside place or object
in	or	postp	LOS	Inessive case suffix, static presence; only about space in Standard Nûrlâm; in colloquial speech preposition “shi” is used
in	r	postp	LOS “ir”, “or”	adessive or inessive case suffix after vowel in colloquial speech; denotes static presence at or inside object
in	shi	postp	see “ishi”	Illative case suffix after vowel. Motion inside place, object or static presence inside one place
in	shi	prep	LOS	only about exact time in Standard Nûrlâm, may refer to place in colloquial speech
in	zor	postp	LOS “or”	Inessive case suffix after vowel, static presence
in (period of time)	furn	prep	NL < Etym. “BORÓN” (to last, endure), compare with Quenya “vor”, “vora”, “vorë”, “voro”, etc. Similarity with English “for” is accidental	used with objects in accusative case только о времени
in a long time	zi rodharz (ik)	expr	see “zi”, “rodh”, “ik”	about time
in contrast	rambiskir	expr	NL, see “ramb”, “isk”, “ir”	lit. “on the other side”
in front of	ik	postp	LOS	use with objects in genitive case
in place of	inor (…)ob	expr	NL, see “in”, “or” and “ob”
in spite of	narhonug (…)u (…)	expr	NL, see “nar”, “hon-”, “u”
in spite of	pûthug (…)u	expr	NL, see “pûth-”, “-u”
in spite of that	narhonug zîgu	expr	NL, see “nar”, “hon-”, “zîg”, “u”
in that case	dai	conj	DS
in the end	gorzarz	adv	NL < DS “gorz-” (to end, finish)
in the meantime	shi zil	expr	see “shi”, “zil”	“at now”
in the meantime	shi zîgil	expr	see “shi”, “zîg”, “il”	“at then”
in the name of	îzan	prep	merging NL “îz” with LOS “zan”	use with objects in genitive case
incidentally	mush mûlu	expr	see “mush”, “mûl”
incidentally	mûlarz	adv	see “mush”, “mûl”	literally “roadly”
inside	nâd	adv, postp	NL, merging MERP “nâdar” (amongst) < Albanian with Primitive Elvish “ndē̆” (inside) < Etym. (AC) “(N)DI”; see also “nod”	used standalone as adverb or with objects in inessive or genitive case; may be replaced with just inessive case (preferable); expressions like “to the inside” and “from inside” are translated with just Illative and Elative cases correspondingly
inside	shi	postp	see “ishi”	Illative case suffix after vowel. Motion inside place, object or static presence inside one place
insomuch	zamaku	pro	see “zamak” and “u”	to so much degree
instead	sazgishi	adv	NL, see “sazg” and “ishi”	when “instead” is final in clause; not “instead of” (see “inor … ob”)
instead of	inor (…)ob	expr	NL, see “in”, “or” and “ob”
inter-	ri	prefix	LOS “ri” (between)	used as prefix or suffix to modify meaning of verbs like “interrupt”, “interfere”, “prevent”, “disrupt” префикс прерванного действия в глаголах “вмешаться”, “прервать”, “предотвратить”, “перебивать”
into	ishi	postp	TK, CBS, LOTR, RI; Quenya locative case ending “-ssë”	Illative case suffix. Motion inside place or object
into	shi	postp	see “ishi”	Illative case suffix after vowel. Motion inside place, object or static presence inside one place
inwards	ishi	postp	TK, CBS, LOTR, RI; Quenya locative case ending “-ssë”	Illative case suffix. Motion inside place or object
inwards	nâd	adv, postp	NL, merging MERP “nâdar” (amongst) < Albanian with Primitive Elvish “ndē̆” (inside) < Etym. (AC) “(N)DI”; see also “nod”	used standalone as adverb or with objects in inessive or genitive case; may be replaced with just inessive case (preferable); expressions like “to the inside” and “from inside” are translated with just Illative and Elative cases correspondingly
inwards	shi	postp	see “ishi”	Illative case suffix after vowel. Motion inside place, object or static presence inside one place
it	an	pro	NL < Hurrian absolutive 3rd singular clitic “-n(na)”	Standard: any 3rd person singular objective enclitic pronoun; Colloquial: not used
it is not that	nar zîg zamash	expr	see individual words
it is not that (…) but (…)	nar kogarz (…) ap hîsarzar (…)	expr	see individual words
itself	îm	pro	NL < Quenya “immo”	may be used as prefix “self-”
just	âzh	adv	NL	clitic adverb of aspect
just a little	âzh	adv	NL	clitic adverb of aspect
just as (…) so (…)	zash (…) zârz (…)	expr	see “zash”, “zârz”
just started	îs	adv	NL < LOS “îs-” (to begin)	clitic adverb of aspect; only about unfinished action
lately	shiladil	adv, conj	see “shi”, “lad”, “il”
lately	shîlad	adv, conj	see “shi”, “lad”, “il”
later	la	prep, adv	LOS	use with objects in accusative case
lightly	âzh	adv	NL	clitic adverb of aspect
like	oth	prep	TK, AO, BOLT, PN “Othrod”; Etym. “OS-” (about, around); Sindarin “ost”, “os”, “oth” (fortress, city)	speculative translation
like a	si	postp	NL < Quenya “sívë”, Sindarin “sui”	essive case suffix may be used to translate adjectives like “foolish”, “friendly”
likewise	otharz	adv, conj	see “oth”
long before	zi rodharz (ik)	expr	see “zi”, “rodh”, “ik”	about time
me	iz	pro	NL < LOS “-izg”, ZB “-ish” (1st person exclusive clitic pronoun in absolutive case) < Hurrian standalone 1st person singular pronoun “ishte”, DS “-(i)z” (1st singular person suffix)	Standard: 1st person singular objective enclitic pronoun; Colloquial: not used
meanwhile	shi zil	expr	see “shi”, “zil”	“at now”
meanwhile	shi zîgil	expr	see “shi”, “zîg”, “il”	“at then”
moreover	makarzar zîgob	expr	see “mak”, “zîg”, “ob”
moreover	zîgir	conj, pro	see “zîg”, “ir”
myself	îm	pro	NL < Quenya “immo”	may be used as prefix “self-”
nearly	gûth	adv	LOS; see also “uth”
nearly	musharz	adv	LOS (“nearly”) < MB, SV “mûsh” (close, next to, near, at)
nearly	âzh	adv	NL	clitic adverb of aspect
neither	nar(…) (…) shuz	expr	NL, see “shuz”, “nar”	usually in answers like “Neither had I”, “Neither do I”, “Neither he was” etc.
neither	shuz nar(…)	conj	NL, see “shuz”, “nar”	usually in answers like “Neither had I”, “Neither do I”, “Neither he was” etc.
neither (in answers)	narash	pro	NL, see “nar” and “ash”	Colloquial speech has distinct word “narai” for “nobody” and “no one”. meaning “neither” only in answers with this one word (e.g. “Do you like apples or oranges?” - “Neither”)
neither (…)	nar (…)ob	expr	see “nar”, “ob”
neither (…) nor (…)	nar (…) nar (…)	expr	see “nar”
never	naril	pro	NL, see “nar” and “il”
nevertheless	nar mikarzar zîgob	expr	see individual words	lit. “not less of that”
next (time)	abarzar	adv	see “ab”
next (time)	shi ilab	expr	see “shi”, “il”, “ab”
next time	la	prep, adv	LOS	use with objects in accusative case
no	nar	affix	AN < TK, DBS, LOTR (untranslated interjection of disagreement)	used as prefix or suffix like “non-”, “un-”, “-n't”
no more than	nar makarzar (snû)	expr	see “nar”, “mak”, “snû”
no one	narai	pro	NL, see “nar” and “hai”	only in Colloquial speech
no one	narash	pro	NL, see “nar” and “ash”	Colloquial speech has distinct word “narai” for “nobody” and “no one”. meaning “neither” only in answers with this one word (e.g. “Do you like apples or oranges?” - “Neither”)
no sooner (…) than	naruthar (…) snû	expr	see “nar”, “uth”, “snû”
no way	nararz	pro	NL, see “nar” and “arz”
nobody	narai	pro	NL, see “nar” and “hai”	only in Colloquial speech
nobody	narash	pro	NL, see “nar” and “ash”	Colloquial speech has distinct word “narai” for “nobody” and “no one”. meaning “neither” only in answers with this one word (e.g. “Do you like apples or oranges?” - “Neither”)
none	nar	pro	NL < AN < TK, DBS, LOTR (untranslated interjection of disagreement)	used to make other indefinite pronouns and adverbs
none	narash	pro	NL, see “nar” and “ash”	Colloquial speech has distinct word “narai” for “nobody” and “no one”. meaning “neither” only in answers with this one word (e.g. “Do you like apples or oranges?” - “Neither”)
nonetheless	nar mikarzar zîgob	expr	see individual words	lit. “not less of that”
nor	agh (…) nar	conj	see “agh”, “nar”
not	nar	affix	AN < TK, DBS, LOTR (untranslated interjection of disagreement)	used as prefix or suffix like “non-”, “un-”, “-n't”
not (…) but rather (…)	nar (…) ap (…) hîsarzar	expr	see “nar”, “hîsarzar”, “ap”
not a single one	narash	pro	NL, see “nar” and “ash”	Colloquial speech has distinct word “narai” for “nobody” and “no one”. meaning “neither” only in answers with this one word (e.g. “Do you like apples or oranges?” - “Neither”)
not exactly (…) but (…)	nar kogarz (…) ap hîsarzar (…)	expr	see individual words
not how	nararz	pro	NL, see “nar” and “arz”
not just (…) but (…) too	nar tug (…) ap (…) shuz	expr	see individual words
not much (…) as (…)	nar zamak (…) zîgmaksi (…)	expr	see individual words	lit. “not so much … as that much …”
not only (…) but (also) (…)	nar tug (…) ap (shazârz) (…)	expr	see individual words
not only (…) but (…) too	nar tug (…) ap (…) shuz	expr	see individual words
not really (…) but (…)	nar kogarz (…) ap hîsarzar (…)	expr	see individual words
nothing	narash	pro	NL, see “nar” and “ash”	Colloquial speech has distinct word “narai” for “nobody” and “no one”. meaning “neither” only in answers with this one word (e.g. “Do you like apples or oranges?” - “Neither”)
now	ad	adv	NL < LOS “rad” (now)	see “rad”, used only with verbs ending with several consonants
now	zil	pro	NL < “za” + “il” (see corresponding articles)
now that	zil amil	expr	see “zil”, “mil”
nowhen	naril	pro	NL, see “nar” and “il”
nowhere	narin	pro	NL, see “nar” and “in”
of	b	postp	EL “ob”	genitive case suffix after vowel
of	ob	postp	EL	genitive case suffix
of	ub	suffix	LOS < EL “-ob” (see corresponding article)	only in Colloquial speech; genitive case suffix used rarely with some pronouns instead of “-ob”
of course	durtarz	adv	see “durt”
off	bo	postp	LOS < HG	ablative case suffix; denotes motion from surface
on	ir	postp	LOS	adessive case suffix; denotes static presence at/on surface; not about time
on	r	postp	LOS “ir”, “or”	adessive or inessive case suffix after vowel in colloquial speech; denotes static presence at or inside object
on	zir	postp	LOS “ir”	adessive case suffix after vowel; denotes static presence at/on surface
on (time)	irg	prep	NL < SV, ZA “erg” (at, on)	when action (will) happen at certain time interval, but this interval is quite long (as Egnlish “on Monday”) в довольно продолжительный промежуток времени (напр. “в понедельник”); по каким-либо временным интервалам (“по вторникам”, “по утрам”)
on (to continue)	agh la	conj		about time
on the contrary	rambiskir	expr	NL, see “ramb”, “isk”, “ir”	lit. “on the other side”
on the other hand	nalgiskir	expr	NL, see “nalg”, “isk”, “ir”
on top of	ir	postp	LOS	adessive case suffix; denotes static presence at/on surface; not about time
on top of	r	postp	LOS “ir”, “or”	adessive or inessive case suffix after vowel in colloquial speech; denotes static presence at or inside object
on top of	tala	prep	EL; ? probably from Etym. “TÂ, TAGH-” (high, lofty) or “TALAM” (floor, base) or “DAL” (flat)	use with objects in accusative case
on top of	zir	postp	LOS “ir”	adessive case suffix after vowel; denotes static presence at/on surface
on top of that	zîgir	conj, pro	see “zîg”, “ir”
one	ash	#	TK, CBS, LOTR, RI; Hurrian “she”?	often used as indefinite article (a, an); as standard Nûrlâm lacks grammar category of number, it denotes singular, because nouns are plural by default
onto	u	postp	TK, DBS, LOTR, OC; was used as preposition	allative case suffix
onto	zu	postp	see “u”	allative case suffix after vowel
opposite to (place)	bug	postp	MB, SV	more like adjective or adverb used together with objects in Allative case
or	ogh	conj	LOS (SN)
other	isk	pro	NL, merging Quenya “exë” + LOS “izg” (I)	used as part of other indefinite pronouns and adverbs
otherwise	arzisk	pro	NL, see “isk” and “arz”	used also as conjunction
otherwise	iskarz	pro	NL, see “isk” and “arz”	used also as conjunction
ourselves	îm	pro	NL < Quenya “immo”	may be used as prefix “self-”
out	lût	adv	LOS (“out of”)	unlike LOS, used only as standalone adverb or together with noun in genitive case (“outside of”); for expressions “from outside”, “to the outside” use just Ablative or Allative cases
out of	ah	postp	NL < HG prefix “ah-” (he of, he from)	elative case suffix; denotes motion from inside
out of	zah	postp	NL < HG prefix “ah-” (he of, he from)	elative case suffix after vowel; denotes motion from inside
outside	lût	adv	LOS (“out of”)	unlike LOS, used only as standalone adverb or together with noun in genitive case (“outside of”); for expressions “from outside”, “to the outside” use just Ablative or Allative cases
over	tala	prep	EL; ? probably from Etym. “TÂ, TAGH-” (high, lofty) or “TALAM” (floor, base) or “DAL” (flat)	use with objects in accusative case
over	thu	postp	LOS (beyond)
over here	zinu	pro	NL < “za” + “in” + “u” (see corresponding articles)	only about direction
over there	zîginu	pro	NL < “zîg” + “in” + “-u” (see corresponding articles)	only about direction
over-	thu	prefix	LOS (beyond)	enforcing particle усилительная частица
partially	âzh	adv	NL	clitic adverb of aspect
past (place)	as	postp	LOS	use with object in accusative case
people	hai	suffix	TK, CBS, AO, LOTR, UT; ? Adûnaic suffix “-lâi” (folk) < Quenya “lië” (people), Sindarin “lî”, Early Noldorin “lhai” (folk, host, people) < Primitive Elvish “LÎ”; compare also with Qenya “hos(se)”, Noldorin “hoth” (host, crowd) < Etym. “KHOTH” (to gather)	used in names of races as whole like “uruk-hai”, “olog-hai” etc.
pre-	bhû	prefix	HG	prefix of prepared action like in “predict”, “predestination” префикс заранее подготовленного действия, например “приготовить”, “предназначать”
pre-	ri	prefix	LOS “ri” (between)	used as prefix or suffix to modify meaning of verbs like “interrupt”, “interfere”, “prevent”, “disrupt” префикс прерванного действия в глаголах “вмешаться”, “прервать”, “предотвратить”, “перебивать”
precisely	aktarz	adv	NL < ULK “aktum” (accuracy; precision; marksmanship)
prior to	ik	prep, conj	LOS	use with objects in accusative case; not used as standalone “before” (see “dok” instead)
prior to	ugil	prep	SV	use with objects in accusative case; only in colloquial speech, “ik” is more preferable variant
race	hai	suffix	TK, CBS, AO, LOTR, UT; ? Adûnaic suffix “-lâi” (folk) < Quenya “lië” (people), Sindarin “lî”, Early Noldorin “lhai” (folk, host, people) < Primitive Elvish “LÎ”; compare also with Qenya “hos(se)”, Noldorin “hoth” (host, crowd) < Etym. “KHOTH” (to gather)	used in names of races as whole like “uruk-hai”, “olog-hai” etc.
rather	hîsarzar	adv	NL < LOS “hîs” (adj.) (fast, quick, swift, soon, rathe, etc.) + adverb suffix “-arz” + comparative suffix “-ar”	in expressions like “I'd rather…”; not with meanings “quite”, “enough” (“He is rather big”)
rather (…) than (…)	hîsarzar (…) snû (…)	expr	see “hîsarzar”, “snû”
re-	kru	prefix	NL < LOS “krul” (“two”), “krut” (“back”, adv)	prefix of repeated action or fallback to previous state префикс повторного действия, возврата в предыдущее состояние, например в таких словах как “отвоевать”, “переделать”, “возвращаться”, “повторить” и т.п.
recently	îs	adv	NL < LOS “îs-” (to begin)	clitic adverb of aspect; only about unfinished action
regarding	gus	prep	LOS < MB	mention somebody or something; use with objects in accusative case
regarding to	zamash gus	expr	lit. “that about”
regardless of	narhonug (…)u (…)	expr	NL, see “nar”, “hon-”, “u”
regardless of that	narhonug zîgu	expr	NL, see “nar”, “hon-”, “zîg”, “u”
regularly	ok	adv	NL < HG “okû”; compare with NL “gok” (flat, even)	used as clitic adverb of aspect (habitual, iterative); gains meaning ”used to” (regular action in the past, not familiriaty with) only together with verb in past tense
respectively	mbursharz	adv	NL < LOS “mbursh” < MB
right?	mar	expr	LOS (LUG)	in Standard Nûrlâm used as prefix of interrogative mood
room	amb	n	NL < Noldorin “thamb” (hall), Quenya “sambe” (room, chamber), Primitive Elvish “stambē”, “stabnē” < Etym. “STAB”	may be used in compond words, as a suffix, usually about some room, building or space (like -ry in “armory”, “cemetary”, “mortuary”)
same as, as (…) as (…), so (…) as (…)	zash	prep	SV	use with objects in essive case
save	rihikug	presp	NL, see “ri”, “hik”
self	îm	pro	NL < Quenya “immo”	may be used as prefix “self-”
several	mûd	pro	HG (“some”), probably from LOS, MB “mupsh”	used as part of other indefinite pronouns and adverbs
shall	ub	suffix	AN, probably from Quenya future tense suffix “-uva”, Old Sindarin “-ubā” (remote future suffix)	future tense suffix
she-	niz	n, suffix	NL < Quenya “nís” (noun “woman”)	“feminizer” suffix as “-ess” or “she-”
similar to	si	postp	NL < Quenya “sívë”, Sindarin “sui”	essive case suffix may be used to translate adjectives like “foolish”, “friendly”
similarly	otharz	adv, conj	see “oth”
since	ghâr	prep	HG < LOS “ghâra”	only about time; use with objects in accusative case
since (when)	amilah	pro	NL, see “amil”, “ah”	only about time; only relative; see “milah” for question particle; may be replaced with “ghâr”
since then	zîgilah	pro	NL < “zîg” + “in” + “ah” (see corresponding articles)	only about time; in Modern analytical style should be replaced with “lazil” or “ghâr zîgil”
since when?	milah	pro	NL, see “mil”, “ah”	only about time; only interrogative (in questions); see “amilah” for relative counterpart; in Modern analytical style should be replaced with “ghâr mil?”
slightly	âzh	adv	NL	clitic adverb of aspect
so	zarzi	pro	see “za”, “irzi”
so	zârz	pro	NL < “za” + “arz” (see corresponding articles)
so	zîgirzi	pro	see “zîg”, “irzi”
so (…) as (…)	zash (…) zash (…)	expr	see “zash”
so far	zilu	pro	NL, “zil” (now) + allative case suffix “-u”	only about time; in Modern analytical style should be replaced with “zizil”
so long as	zash rodharz zash	expr	see “zash”, “rodh”
so many	zamak	pro	NL < “za” + “mak” (see corresponding articles)
so much	zamak	pro	NL < “za” + “mak” (see corresponding articles)
so that	zârz	pro	NL < “za” + “arz” (see corresponding articles)
so that	zârz zamash	expr	see “zârz”, “zamash”	analytical style
so … as …	zash (…) (…)si	expr	see “zash”, “si”
so … as …	zash (…) oth (…)	expr	see “zash”, “oth”
some	mûd	pro	HG (“some”), probably from LOS, MB “mupsh”	used as part of other indefinite pronouns and adverbs
some people	haimûd	pro	NL, see “hai”, “mûd”	only in Colloquial speech; use unanimated “ashmûd” in Standard Nûrlâm
somebody	ashmûd	pro	NL, see “ash”, “mûd”	Colloquial language has distinct word for “someone; somebody” (see “haimûd”)
somebody	haimûd	pro	NL, see “hai”, “mûd”	only in Colloquial speech; use unanimated “ashmûd” in Standard Nûrlâm
somebody else	haisk	pro	NL, see “hai”, “isk”	only in Colloquial speech; use unanimated “ashisk” in Standard Nûrlâm
somehow	mûdarz	pro	NL, see “mûd”, “arz”
someone	ashmûd	pro	NL, see “ash”, “mûd”	Colloquial language has distinct word for “someone; somebody” (see “haimûd”)
someone	haimûd	pro	NL, see “hai”, “mûd”	only in Colloquial speech; use unanimated “ashmûd” in Standard Nûrlâm
someone else	haisk	pro	NL, see “hai”, “isk”	only in Colloquial speech; use unanimated “ashisk” in Standard Nûrlâm
something	ashmûd	pro	NL, see “ash”, “mûd”	Colloquial language has distinct word for “someone; somebody” (see “haimûd”)
something else	ashisk	pro	NL, see “ash”, “isk”
sometimes	ilmûd	pro	NL, see “il” and “mûd”
somewhere	inmûd	pro	NL, see “in” and “mûd”
somewhy	mûdûr	pro	NL, see “mûd”, “ûr”
soon	uth	adv	NL < Gnomish “mu”, “mutha” (will, I am going to, I am about to) + LOS “gûth” (almost, nearly)	usually have a tone of intention; see also verb “pant-”
sooner	hîsarzar	adv	NL < LOS “hîs” (adj.) (fast, quick, swift, soon, rathe, etc.) + adverb suffix “-arz” + comparative suffix “-ar”	in expressions like “I'd rather…”; not with meanings “quite”, “enough” (“He is rather big”)
still	ad	adv	NL < LOS “rad” (now)	see “rad”, used only with verbs ending with several consonants
still	zizil	conj	see “zi”, “zil”	about time
subsequently	hîlarz	adv	NL, see “hîl-”
such	zâsh	pro, adj, conj	NL < “za” + “ash” (see corresponding articles)
surely	durtarz	adv	see “durt”
surely	rûzarz	adv	see “rûz”
than	snû	conj	LOS < MB	used with noun/pronouns in accusative case; the whole construction may be replaced with noun in genitive case
that	zamash	conj	NL, see “za”, “mash”; compare with LOS “zamal”	relative “that” in complex sentences
that	zîg	pro	LOS < HG < EL “za” (this) + NL “tîg” (there); see corresponding articles
that is	zîg kulâ	expr	see “zîg”, “kul-”
that is why	zîgûr	pro	NL < “zîg” + “ûr” (see corresponding articles)	lit. “for that”
that manner	zîgirzi	pro	see “zîg”, “irzi”
that many	zîgmak	pro	NL < “zîg” + “mak” (see corresponding articles)
that much	zîgmak	pro	NL < “zîg” + “mak” (see corresponding articles)
that place	zîgin	pro	NL < “zîg” + “in” (see corresponding articles)
that time	zîgil	pro	NL < “za” + “il” (see corresponding articles)	only about time, not used in conditions (“if … then …”)
that's why	zazah	pro	NL < “za” + “-ah” (see corresponding articles)	inserted between action and the result or consequences; not about location
that's why	zîgûr	pro	NL < “zîg” + “ûr” (see corresponding articles)	lit. “for that”
thee	am	pro	NL < Hurrian absolutive 2nd singular clitic “-m(ma)”	Standard: 2nd person singular objective enclitic pronoun; Colloquial: not used
them	ul	pro	TK, CBS, LOTR, RI; ? Hurrian “-lla”	Objective case of 3rd person pronouns “tak”, “ulû” (they)
themselves	îm	pro	NL < Quenya “immo”	may be used as prefix “self-”
then	dai	conj	DS
then	la	prep, adv	LOS	use with objects in accusative case
then	zîgil	pro	NL < “za” + “il” (see corresponding articles)	only about time, not used in conditions (“if … then …”)
thence	zîgah	pro	NL < “zîg” + “-ah” (see corresponding articles)	inserted between action and the result or consequences
thence	zîgilah	pro	NL < “zîg” + “in” + “ah” (see corresponding articles)	only about time; in Modern analytical style should be replaced with “lazil” or “ghâr zîgil”
thence	zîginah	pro	NL < “zîg” + “in” + “ah” (see corresponding articles)	only about location
thenceforth	zîgilah	pro	NL < “zîg” + “in” + “ah” (see corresponding articles)	only about time; in Modern analytical style should be replaced with “lazil” or “ghâr zîgil”
thenceforward	zîgilah	pro	NL < “zîg” + “in” + “ah” (see corresponding articles)	only about time; in Modern analytical style should be replaced with “lazil” or “ghâr zîgil”
there	zîgin	pro	NL < “zîg” + “in” (see corresponding articles)
thereafter	lazîg	adv	NL, see “la”, “zîg”
thereafter	zîgilah	pro	NL < “zîg” + “in” + “ah” (see corresponding articles)	only about time; in Modern analytical style should be replaced with “lazil” or “ghâr zîgil”
thereby	zîgarz	pro	NL < “zîg” + “arz” (see corresponding articles)
thereby	zîgirzi	pro	see “zîg”, “irzi”
therefore	dai	conj	DS
therefore	zazah	pro	NL < “za” + “-ah” (see corresponding articles)	inserted between action and the result or consequences; not about location
therefore	zîgah	pro	NL < “zîg” + “-ah” (see corresponding articles)	inserted between action and the result or consequences
therefrom	zîginah	pro	NL < “zîg” + “in” + “ah” (see corresponding articles)	only about location
thereto	zîginu	pro	NL < “zîg” + “in” + “-u” (see corresponding articles)	only about direction
these	za	pro	EL, all major dialects; compare with Etym. “SI”	In Standard Nûrlâm means both “this” and “these”; in Colloquial speech means only “this”, see “zaz” for “these”; often used as definite article “the”
these	zaz	pro	EL “za” (this)	only in Colloquial speech
these (people)	zahai	pro	NL < “za” + “hai” (see corresponding articles)	only in Colloquial speech
this	za	pro	EL, all major dialects; compare with Etym. “SI”	In Standard Nûrlâm means both “this” and “these”; in Colloquial speech means only “this”, see “zaz” for “these”; often used as definite article “the”
this far	zinu	pro	NL < “za” + “in” + “u” (see corresponding articles)	only about direction
this manner	zarzi	pro	see “za”, “irzi”
this manner	zârz	pro	NL < “za” + “arz” (see corresponding articles)
this place	zin	pro	NL < “za” + “in” (see corresponding articles)
this time	zil	pro	NL < “za” + “il” (see corresponding articles)
thither	zîgilu	pro	NL < “zîg” + “in” + “-u” (see corresponding articles)	only about time; in Modern analytical style should be replaced with “zi zîgil” or just “zi”
thither	zîginu	pro	NL < “zîg” + “in” + “-u” (see corresponding articles)	only about direction
those (people)	zîghai	pro	NL < “zîg” + “hai” (see corresponding articles)	only in Colloquial speech
though	nar mikarzar zîgob	expr	see individual words	lit. “not less of that”
though	nân	conj	LOS < Quenya “nan” (but, on the contrary, on the other hand), “ono”	introduces contrary ideas
through	as	postp	LOS	use with object in accusative case
through	tuk	postp	LOS	use with objects in instrumental case; may be replaced with just instrumental case
through (use of)	irzi	postp	LOS “irzi” (by)	instrumental case suffix
through (use of)	rzi	postp	LOS “irzi” (by)	instrumental case suffix after vowel
thus	zarzi	pro	see “za”, “irzi”
thus	zârz	pro	NL < “za” + “arz” (see corresponding articles)
thus	zîgirzi	pro	see “zîg”, “irzi”
till	zi	prep	LOS (“until”)	use with objects in accusative case or dependent clauses in past or future, but not present tense; with dependent clauses “amilu” is preferred используется с существительными в винительном падеже или подчинённым предложением в прошедшем или будущем времени, но без отрицательной частицы; с подчинёнными предложениями лучше использовать “amilu”
time	il	n	SV	often used as suffix to make indefinite and relative pro-adverbs of time
to	u	postp	TK, DBS, LOTR, OC; was used as preposition	allative case suffix
to	zu	postp	see “u”	allative case suffix after vowel
to (somebody)	zûr	postp	EL “ûr”	dative case suffix after vowel
to (somebody)	ûr	postp	EL, probably from Quenya dative ending “ur”	dative case suffix
to (time)	zi	prep	LOS (“until”)	use with objects in accusative case or dependent clauses in past or future, but not present tense; with dependent clauses “amilu” is preferred используется с существительными в винительном падеже или подчинённым предложением в прошедшем или будущем времени, но без отрицательной частицы; с подчинёнными предложениями лучше использовать “amilu”
to it	zazu	pro	NL < “za” + “-u” (see corresponding articles)	addition to subject
to that (place)	zîginu	pro	NL < “zîg” + “in” + “-u” (see corresponding articles)	only about direction
to that (time)	zîgilu	pro	NL < “zîg” + “in” + “-u” (see corresponding articles)	only about time; in Modern analytical style should be replaced with “zi zîgil” or just “zi”
to there	zîginu	pro	NL < “zîg” + “in” + “-u” (see corresponding articles)	only about direction
to this	zazu	pro	NL < “za” + “-u” (see corresponding articles)	addition to subject
to this place	zinu	pro	NL < “za” + “in” + “u” (see corresponding articles)	only about direction
to where	aminu	pro	NL, see “amin”, “-u”	only relative; see “minu” for question particle
to where?	minu	pro	NL, see “amin”, “-u”	only about location; only interrogative (in questions); see “aminu” for relative counterpart
together	sha	adv	TK, DBS, LOTR, OC, PE 17, VT 26	refers to verb, may be written separately after verb or as clitic marker of cooperative voice
together with	sha	postp, adv	TK, DBS, LOTR, OC, PE 17, VT 26	Comitative case suffix; marks participants of collaborative action.
too	shazârz	conj, adv	NL, lit. “with this manner”, see “sha” and “zârz”	meanings “too” and “either” only in the end of the English phrase
too	shuz	conj	NL < LOS “shum” (very much, too much) < MERP (big, great) < Albanian	meanings “too” and “either” only in the end of the English phrase
totally	ûk	adv	TK, CBS, LOTR, RI; ? Hurrian “-ok-” (fully, really)	clitic, aspect suffix
towards	u	postp	TK, DBS, LOTR, OC; was used as preposition	allative case suffix
towards	zu	postp	see “u”	allative case suffix after vowel
tribe	hai	suffix	TK, CBS, AO, LOTR, UT; ? Adûnaic suffix “-lâi” (folk) < Quenya “lië” (people), Sindarin “lî”, Early Noldorin “lhai” (folk, host, people) < Primitive Elvish “LÎ”; compare also with Qenya “hos(se)”, Noldorin “hoth” (host, crowd) < Etym. “KHOTH” (to gather)	used in names of races as whole like “uruk-hai”, “olog-hai” etc.
un-	nan	prefix	NL < Quenya “nancar” (to undo)	prefix of cancelled action префикс отмены действия
under	lata	prep	EL, the word “tala” reversed or Etym. “LAD”, “LAT” (flat)	use with objects in accusative case
unless	ghung (…) nar (…)	expr	see “ghung”, “nar”
until	zi	prep	LOS (“until”)	use with objects in accusative case or dependent clauses in past or future, but not present tense; with dependent clauses “amilu” is preferred используется с существительными в винительном падеже или подчинённым предложением в прошедшем или будущем времени, но без отрицательной частицы; с подчинёнными предложениями лучше использовать “amilu”
until (when)	amilu	pro	NL, see “mil”, “-u”	only about time; only relative; see “amilu” for question particle; may be replaced with “zi”
until now	zilu	pro	NL, “zil” (now) + allative case suffix “-u”	only about time; in Modern analytical style should be replaced with “zizil”
until now	zizil	conj	see “zi”, “zil”	about time
until when?	milu	pro	NL, see “mil”, “-u”	only about time; only interrogative (in questions); see “amilu” for relative counterpart; in Modern analytical style should be replaced with “zi mil?”
up the (…)	tala	prep	EL; ? probably from Etym. “TÂ, TAGH-” (high, lofty) or “TALAM” (floor, base) or “DAL” (flat)	use with objects in accusative case
upon	u	postp	TK, DBS, LOTR, OC; was used as preposition	allative case suffix
upon	zu	postp	see “u”	allative case suffix after vowel
us	ak	pro	NL < ZB “-ak” (1st person inclusive clitic pronoun in absolutive case)	1st person plural objective enclitic pronoun, only in Standard language
used to	ok	adv	NL < HG “okû”; compare with NL “gok” (flat, even)	used as clitic adverb of aspect (habitual, iterative); gains meaning ”used to” (regular action in the past, not familiriaty with) only together with verb in past tense
using	irzi	postp	LOS “irzi” (by)	instrumental case suffix
using	rzi	postp	LOS “irzi” (by)	instrumental case suffix after vowel
usually	ok	adv	NL < HG “okû”; compare with NL “gok” (flat, even)	used as clitic adverb of aspect (habitual, iterative); gains meaning ”used to” (regular action in the past, not familiriaty with) only together with verb in past tense
versus	bug	prep	SV	use with objects in Accusative case
via	irzi	postp	LOS “irzi” (by)	instrumental case suffix
via	rzi	postp	LOS “irzi” (by)	instrumental case suffix after vowel
vice versa	rambiskir	expr	NL, see “ramb”, “isk”, “ir”	lit. “on the other side”
what	amash	pro	LOS (“what”) < EL “amal”/”mal” (where) + TK “ash”	only relative pronoun; see “mash” for question particle
what for?	mûr	pro	NL, see “mash”, “ûr”	only interrogative (in questions); see “amûr” for relative counterpart
what's up?	mar	expr	LOS (LUG)	in Standard Nûrlâm used as prefix of interrogative mood
what?	mash	pro	LOS (“what?”) < EL “amal”/”mal” (where) + TK “ash”	only interrogative pronoun (in questions); see “amash” for relative counterpart
whatever	mashkon	pro	NL, see “mash”, “kon”	only with interrogative (questions) and dubitative moods
when	amil	pro	NL, see “mash”, “il”	only relative; see “mil” for question particle
when?	mil	pro	NL, see “mash”, “il”	only interrogative (in questions); see “amil” for relative counterpart
whence	aminah	pro	NL, see “amin”, “ah”	1) after location 2) between action and result 3) between reason and consequences
whence	zîgah	pro	NL < “zîg” + “-ah” (see corresponding articles)	inserted between action and the result or consequences
whence?	minah	pro	NL, see “mash”, “in”, “ah”	only about location; only interrogative (in questions); see “aminah” for relative counterpart
whenever	milkon	pro	NL, see “mil”, “kon”	only with interrogative (questions) and dubitative moods
where	amin	pro	NL, see “mash”, “in”	only relative; see “min” for question particle
where from?	minah	pro	NL, see “mash”, “in”, “ah”	only about location; only interrogative (in questions); see “aminah” for relative counterpart
where?	min	pro	NL, see “mash”, “in”	only interrogative (in questions); see “amin” for relative counterpart
whereas	zasha hugor	expr	NL, see “za”, “sha”, “hug”, “or”
whereas	ûstug za	expr	NL, see “ûst-”, “za”
whereas	ûstug zamash	expr	NL, see “ûst-”, “zamash”
whereby	amasha	pro, conj	NL, see “amash”, “sha”
whereby	amashirzi	pro, conj	NL, see “amash”, “irzi”
wherefore	amûr	pro	NL, see “mash”, “ûr”	only relative; “mûr” for question particle
whereto	aminu	pro	NL, see “amin”, “-u”	only relative; see “minu” for question particle
wherever	minkon	pro	NL, see “min”, “kon”	only with interrogative (questions) and dubitative moods
whether	maikon	pro	NL, see “mai”, “kon”	only in Colloquial speech; only with interrogative (questions) and dubitative moods
whether	makon	pro	NL, see “mash”, “kon”	only with interrogative (questions) and dubitative moods
whether	mashkon	pro	NL, see “mash”, “kon”	only with interrogative (questions) and dubitative moods
whether (…) or (…)	makon (…) ogh (…)	expr	see “makon”, “ogh”
whether (…) or (…)	mashkon (…) ogh (…)	expr	see “makon”, “ogh”
whether (…) or (…)	ogh (…) ogh (…)	expr	LOS (SN) “ogh” (or)
which	amai	pro	NL < LOS “mash” + TK “hai” (see corresponding articles)	only in colloquial speeh; only relative pronoun; see “mai” for question particle
which	amash	pro	LOS (“what”) < EL “amal”/”mal” (where) + TK “ash”	only relative pronoun; see “mash” for question particle
which?	mai	pro	NL < LOS “mash” + TK “hai” (see corresponding articles)	only in colloquial speeh; only interrogative pronoun (in questions); see “amai” for relative counterpart
which?	mash	pro	LOS (“what?”) < EL “amal”/”mal” (where) + TK “ash”	only interrogative pronoun (in questions); see “amash” for relative counterpart
whichever	maikon	pro	NL, see “mai”, “kon”	only in Colloquial speech; only with interrogative (questions) and dubitative moods
whichever	mashkon	pro	NL, see “mash”, “kon”	only with interrogative (questions) and dubitative moods
while	kusn	conj, prep	LOS < SV or MB	use with objects in accusative case
while	nân	conj	LOS < Quenya “nan” (but, on the contrary, on the other hand), “ono”	introduces contrary ideas
whither	aminu	pro	NL, see “amin”, “-u”	only relative; see “minu” for question particle
whither?	minu	pro	NL, see “amin”, “-u”	only about location; only interrogative (in questions); see “aminu” for relative counterpart
who	amai	pro	NL < LOS “mash” + TK “hai” (see corresponding articles)	only in colloquial speeh; only relative pronoun; see “mai” for question particle
who	amash	pro	LOS (“what”) < EL “amal”/”mal” (where) + TK “ash”	only relative pronoun; see “mash” for question particle
who?	mai	pro	NL < LOS “mash” + TK “hai” (see corresponding articles)	only in colloquial speeh; only interrogative pronoun (in questions); see “amai” for relative counterpart
who?	mash	pro	LOS (“what?”) < EL “amal”/”mal” (where) + TK “ash”	only interrogative pronoun (in questions); see “amash” for relative counterpart
whoever	maikon	pro	NL, see “mai”, “kon”	only in Colloquial speech; only with interrogative (questions) and dubitative moods
wholly	ûk	adv	TK, CBS, LOTR, RI; ? Hurrian “-ok-” (fully, really)	clitic, aspect suffix
why	amûr	pro	NL, see “mash”, “ûr”	only relative; “mûr” for question particle
why else	iskûr	pro	NL, see “isk” and “ûr”
why ever	mûrkon	pro	NL, see “mûr”, “kon”	only with interrogative (questions) and dubitative moods
why?	mûr	pro	NL, see “mash”, “ûr”	only interrogative (in questions); see “amûr” for relative counterpart
will	ub	suffix	AN, probably from Quenya future tense suffix “-uva”, Old Sindarin “-ubā” (remote future suffix)	future tense suffix
will (do smth.) soon	uth	adv	NL < Gnomish “mu”, “mutha” (will, I am going to, I am about to) + LOS “gûth” (almost, nearly)	usually have a tone of intention; see also verb “pant-”
with	sha	postp, adv	TK, DBS, LOTR, OC, PE 17, VT 26	Comitative case suffix; marks participants of collaborative action.
with this in mind	zasha hugor	expr	NL, see “za”, “sha”, “hug”, “or”
with use of	irzi	postp	LOS “irzi” (by)	instrumental case suffix
with use of	rzi	postp	LOS “irzi” (by)	instrumental case suffix after vowel
with which	amasha	pro, conj	NL, see “amash”, “sha”
within	ishi	postp	TK, CBS, LOTR, RI; Quenya locative case ending “-ssë”	Illative case suffix. Motion inside place or object
within	shi	postp	see “ishi”	Illative case suffix after vowel. Motion inside place, object or static presence inside one place
within (place)	nâd	adv, postp	NL, merging MERP “nâdar” (amongst) < Albanian with Primitive Elvish “ndē̆” (inside) < Etym. (AC) “(N)DI”; see also “nod”	used standalone as adverb or with objects in inessive or genitive case; may be replaced with just inessive case (preferable); expressions like “to the inside” and “from inside” are translated with just Illative and Elative cases correspondingly
within (time)	furn	prep	NL < Etym. “BORÓN” (to last, endure), compare with Quenya “vor”, “vora”, “vorë”, “voro”, etc. Similarity with English “for” is accidental	used with objects in accusative case только о времени
without	shanar	postp	see “sha”, “nar”	only in analytical forms
woman	niz	n, suffix	NL < Quenya “nís” (noun “woman”)	“feminizer” suffix as “-ess” or “she-”
yep	akh	expr	LOS	literally means “agree”, used as equivalent of English affirmative response “yes” букв. “согласен”
yes	akh	expr	LOS	literally means “agree”, used as equivalent of English affirmative response “yes” букв. “согласен”
yet	ad	adv	NL < LOS “rad” (now)	see “rad”, used only with verbs ending with several consonants
yet	marzkon	pro	NL, see “marz”, “kon”	only with interrogative (questions) and dubitative moods
yet	nar mikarzar zîgob	expr	see individual words	lit. “not less of that”
yet	zilu	pro	NL, “zil” (now) + allative case suffix “-u”	only about time; in Modern analytical style should be replaced with “zizil”
yet	zizil	conj	see “zi”, “zil”	about time
you	af	pro	NL < Hurrian absolutive 2nd plural clitic “-f(fa)”	2nd person plural objective enclitic pronoun, only in Standard language
you	am	pro	NL < Hurrian absolutive 2nd singular clitic “-m(ma)”	Standard: 2nd person singular objective enclitic pronoun; Colloquial: not used
yourself	îm	pro	NL < Quenya “immo”	may be used as prefix “self-”

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Nûrlâm –
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