Conjunctions

Conjunction is a part of speech that connects individual words, phrases, clauses and sentences. However other parts of speech such as adpositions, pro-forms, adverbs (called conjunctive adverbs in that case) and even participles and whole phrases) can carry the same function. For example Nûrlâm's “la” is a preposition in “Taskâtuz la ânsh” = “He came after the dawn”, but is a conjunction in “Taskâtuz la ûzh tulguzâ” = “He came after the Sun rose”.

There are two big groups of conjunctions:

Coordinating. Join two or more items of equal importance.
Subordinating. Join dependent clauses to the main (independent) clause into complex sentence. They are mostly adverbial clauses.

Each group has simple one-word conjunctions and complex phrases consisting of two conjunctions or other parts of speech, either following each other or split (e.g. one part joins one clause and the second one joins the other). Some conjunctions may belong to several categories depending on their usage.

Many conjunctions may combine two sequential simple sentences: they stay separated by stop punctuation mark instead of joining into complex sentence with clauses separated by conjunction and comma. This may happen in dialogues, where two sentences are uttered by different persons:
– I don't like fruits.
– Neither do I, meat is much better!

Coordinating conjunctions

Coordinating conjunctions combine two or more words or phrases into one syntactical unit, or two independent clauses into compound sentence. Coordinating conjunctions do not belong to any syntactical category and do not belong to any of clauses they combine.

Cumulative conjunctions

Cumulative conjunctions add or combine non-contrasting items or ideas, even if both of them are negative.

English	Nûrlâm	Part of speech	Etymology	Example
also, too*	shuz	conj	NL < LOS “shum” (very much, too much) < SV (big, great)	Many orcs hate elves, I hate them too ⇒ Mak uruk mokû golug-hai, damokul shuz
also, too*	shazârz	adv	NL, lit. “with this manner”, TK “sha”, EL “za” + LOS “-arz”	Dwarves also hate elves ⇒ Gazat-hai mokû golug-hai shazârz
and	agh	conj	TK (LOTR, RI)	Shagrat and Gorbag talked in the tower ⇒ Shagrat agh Gorbag shugbuzû lugumor This sentence has two subjects joined by a conjunction “and”. However it may be analyzed as simplified compound sentence.
besides	rambarz	adv	NL < ZA “ramb” (side, flank)	Athelas is a healing herb besides a pig forage = Arnpâth kulâ ash shartug barth rambarz bûbgazhk
both*	za agh zîg		lit. “this and that”	Troll-woman offered two gifts: sword and stallion. Man refused both ⇒ Ologniz thrâhuzâ krul thrân: ash lag agh ash lûkh. Tark narbhuzâ za agh zîg
both*	zîg agh isk		lit. “that and another”	What you prefer: man flesh or hobbit flesh? – Both are good ⇒ Mash fibrogb tarkâps ogh kudugâps? – Zîg agh isk bhog
either*	ûgh	pro	lit. “each”	I don't like them either ⇒ Danarbrogbul ûgh Here “either” refers to persons referred by pronoun “them”
	kon	adv	lit. “any”	I don't like them either ⇒ Danarbrogbul kon same as above
	shuz	conj	lit. “also”	I don't like them either ⇒ Danarbrogbul shuz and here “either” refers to speaker and the listener(s)
furthermore, moreover	zîgir	pro	lit. “on top of that”	Athelas is a forage for pigs, moreover it's healing herb ⇒ Arnpâth (kulâ) bûbgazhk zîgir ta(kul) shartug barth
furthermore, moreover	makarzar zîgob	expr	lit. “more of that”	They defeated hordes of orcs and moreover a Balrog ⇒ Takfaikuz hurm urukob agh makarzar zîgob ash Balrog
nor¹⁾	agh … nar	conj	lit. “and not”	Shagrat didn't kill a dragon, nor did Gorbag ⇒ Shagrat nardoguzâ ash lûg, agh Gorbag nar only if there was negation before
plus	gint	v	NL, imperative from verb “gint-” (to add, increase, append, join) < merging DS “gin” (new) with Qenya “yanta-” (to add to, enlarge, increase, augment) and with Gnomish “intha-” (to join to, add, increase, add to) and “gantha” (more)	This sword is sharp and light, plus it glows when orcs are nearby ⇒ Za lag kulâ maig agh sta, gint taghâzh amil uruk mush
whereby	amasha	pro	NL, lit. “with which” < LOS “mash” (what?) and TK “sha” (together with)	Master made a law whereby it's forbidden to call him Sauron ⇒ Goth krampuzâ ash mogsh amasha bhaudaga bugdutan Sauron

* - at the end of the phrase

English	Nûrlâm	Part of speech	Etymology	Example
along with (this)	shâs	conj	NL, literal translation < TK “sha” (together with) and LOS “as” (across, through)	Some men from the South fought along with the orcs ⇒ Mûd tark hardob maukuzû shâs uruk-hai
as much … as …	zash mak … zash …	expr	literal translation	Take as much gold as you can carry! ⇒ Snab zash mak lûr zash gipâsh thragut!
both … and …	agh … agh …	conj	TK “agh” (and), lit. “and … and …”	Both Shagrat and Gorbag didn't want to serve their master ⇒ Agh Shagrat agh Gorbag narhizuzû bûrtut ash goth takob
in addition (to)	gintautor (…-u)	expr		They got some loot in addition to the money received for joining the war ⇒ Taksnabuz mûd raun gintautor draugûru nântaga gaidautûr ghûthum
in sum	ginturmor	expr		In sum, their proposition just says “fuck you all” ⇒ Ginturmor, thrâhurm takob gashnâ tug “htolafûk”
neither (of) …	nar (…)ob	expr	lit. “none of”	Neither of them wanted to serve the master ⇒ Nar takob (nar)hizizû bûrtut gothum
neither (verb) (subject)	(subject) nar(verb) … shuz	expr	lit. “didn't … too”	Gorbag didn't want to serve his master. Neither did Shagrat ⇒ Gorbag narhizuzâ bûrtut goth tab. Shagrat narhizuzâ shuz
neither (verb) (subject)	(subject) shuz nar(verb) …	expr	lit. “also didn't …”	⇒ Shagrat shuz narhizuzâ
neither … nor …	nar … nar …	conj	lit. “not … not”	Neither Shagrat nor Gorbag wanted to serve their master ⇒ Nar Shagrat nar Gorbag (nar)hizuzû bûrtut ash goth takob
on top of that	zîgir	pro	NL “zîg” (that) + “ir” (on, on top of)	They defeated hordes of orcs. On top of that they also killed a Balrog. ⇒ Takfaikuz hurm urukob. Zîgir takdoguz ash Balrog shuz

Alternative conjunctions

Alternative conjunctions present an option or choice of items or ideas, one of them may be negative.

English	Nûrlâm	Part of speech	Etymology	Example
or	ogh	conj	LOS (SN) < TK (LOTR, RI) “agh” + English “or”	Would you like meat or vegetables? ⇒ Fihizulg mash, âps ogh barth?

English	Nûrlâm	Part of speech	Etymology	Example
either … or …	ogh … ogh …	conj	lit. “or … or …”	Either the Ring will be destroyed or the World will burn ⇒ Ogh nazgum kubâ shadat ogh thard ghâshub
… (one time, once), and … (another time)	… asharz … ilisk	expr	lit. “once and another time”	One time he is chill and furious another ⇒ Takul borzûrz asharz agh hûr ilisk
… (now, today), and … (next time, then)	… zil … la	expr	lit. “now and later”	Now they are telling us “We are the family”, next time they will grudge a maggoty bread for us ⇒ Tak gashnak zil “Dak rank”, la takrarkub ash zombûrz mazg dakûr
whether … or …	makon … ogh …	expr	lit. “any … or …”	I don't care whether you steal or buy it – bring it to me! ⇒ Danargirkh makon fi orskulgan ogh fitûzulgan – thrakan dazûr!
whether … or …	mashkon … ogh …	expr	lit. “whatever/whichever … or … ”	Whether you find a ring or other trinket on prisoners, they belong to the Master ⇒ Mashkon gigimbulg ash nazg ogh isk nîd, takaud gothûr

Adversative conjunctions

Adversative conjunctions help to express contrast or exceptions of ideas.

English	Nûrlâm	Part of speech	Etymology	Example
although	nân	conj	LOS < Quenya “nan” (but, on the contrary, on the other hand), “ono”	Although I don'like elves personally, they are good on taste ⇒ Nân danarbrogb golug-hai shrasi, tak nîr thaikat
though				Orcs are superior in combat, not in the forests though ⇒ Uruk-hai kulû bhogaz dogror, nar tauzor nân
but				I don't like dwarves, but I hate elves more ⇒ Danarbrogb gazat-hai, nân damok golug-hai makar
but	ap	conj	NL < Quenya “apa”	Gorbag is my friend, but loot is more precious ⇒ Gorbag shauk, ap raun turkûrzar²⁾
even	yal	conj	HG	Even the spirits are afraid ⇒ Yal hûb (kulû) uglaga
however	marzkon	pro	NL	We defeated them, however with great loss ⇒ Dakfaikuzul marzkon mak dogauksha
yet	marzkon	pro	NL	He fell off the cliff yet survived ⇒ Talûmp fip bo marzkon takibruz
instead*	sazgishi	n + postp	NL < Sindarin “sad” (place) merged with LOS “stazg” (place) < SV + TK “ishi” (in)	The Fellowship could go through Rohan Gap but they went through Moria instead ⇒ Shaukurm pâshulgâ ukhut Lûkhuzg Zaghirzi tuk ap takukhuz Ronkbûrzirzi tuk sazgishi
nevertheless	nar mikarzar zîgob	expr	lit. “not less of that”	The wizard knew that Moria was dangerous but agreed to go that way nevertheless ⇒ Saunorum îstuzâ zamash Ronkbûrz kuzâ razgûrz nân nar mikarzar zîgob akhuzâ ukhut zîg mûl
nonetheless	nar mikarzar zîgob	expr	lit. “not less of that”	He didn't like them but invited nonetheless ⇒ Tanarbrogbuzul ap nar mikarzar zîgob tabroskuzul
otherwise	iskarz	pro	NL < “isk”, merging Quenya “exë” with LOS “izg” (I)	The White Wizard thinks otherwise ⇒ Saunorninkum ûsâ iskarz
otherwise	arzisk	pro	NL < “isk”, merging Quenya “exë” with LOS “izg” (I)	Attack of the orcs rallied dwarves, elves and men, otherwise they would fought each other ⇒ Dîsum urukob gaiduzâ gazat-hai, golug-hai agh tark-hai, arzisk takmaukulg ash isk

English	Nûrlâm	Part of speech	Etymology	Example
in place of	inor (…)ob	expr	NL, “in” (place) + “or” (in) + “ob” (of)	He put some garbage in place of treasure ⇒ Tagaithuz mûd glod inor mirnob usually literally about place or location
instead of	inor (…)ob	expr	NL, “in” (place) + “or” (in) + “ob” (of)	Shagrat will be on guard instead of Gorbag ⇒ Shagrat tudubâ inor Gorbagob about people and their actions
on the contrary	rambiskir	expr	NL, “on the other side”	Athelas didn't help his wounds, on the contrary it was poisonous to orc ⇒ Arnpâth narbhokuzâ tab rulûr, rambiskir ta kuz holmûrz urukûr
on the other hand	nalgiskir	expr	NL, literal translation	I hate elves, on the other hand they are delicious ⇒ Damok golug-hai, dak thaikûrz nalgiskir

Gradational conjunctions

Gradational conjunctions take part in comparisons of equal, not dependent items or ideas. They may be similar to adversative and comparison conjunctions but with less contrast.

English	Nûrlâm	Part of speech	Etymology	Example
rather³⁾	hîsarzar	adv	NL “hîs” (adj.) (fast, quick, swift, soon, rathe, etc.) + adv. suffix “-arz” + comparative suffix “-ar”	I would rather go ⇒ Da ukhulg hîsarzar
than	snû	conj	LOS < MB	My axe is bigger than yours! ⇒ Pulkdab dauzar snû fib

English	Nûrlâm	Part of speech	Etymology	Example
it is not that … but …	nar kogarz … ap hîsarzar	expr	lit. “not truly a … but rather …”	It's not that orcs didn't want to fight, but they didn't want to serve their lord ⇒ Nar kogarz uruk narhizû maukut ap hîsarzar taknarhiz bûrtut goth takob
not (really, exactly) … but (rather) …	nar kogarz … ap hîsarzar	expr	lit. “not truly a … but rather …”
not (so) much … as …	nar zamak … zîgmaksi …	expr	lit. “not so much … as that much …”	We were on the road. Well, it's not so much of a road as path ⇒ Dak kuz mûlumir. Bhog, ta nar zash zamak ash mûl(ob) zîgmaksi ash mong
not only/just … but (also) …	nar tug … ap (shazârz) …	expr	literal translation	I am not only smart and beautiful but also humble ⇒ Dakul nar tug tunkûrz agh nîr ap shazârz zaud
not only/just … but … too	nar tug … ap … shuz	expr	literal translation	And not just the men, but the women and the children, too ⇒ Agh nar tug nor ap niz agh khind shuz.
rather … than …	hîsarzar … snû …	adv	literal translation	I would rather eat maggoty bread than elvish food ⇒ Hîsarzar dathrokhulg zombûrz mazg snû golugûrz throk

Clarifying conjunctions

Clarifying conjunctions provide more detailed, precise or clear description of items or ideas. May be similar to alternative conjunctions.

English	Nûrlâm	Part of speech	Etymology	Example
actually	kogarz	adv	NL < ZA “kog-” (to speak, tell truth)	Actually, they couldn't fly to Mordor on Eagles ⇒ Kogarz taknarpâshulg skoirut Uzgbûrzu shorir
indeed				Bolg is indeed strong ⇒ Bolg kulâ pol kogarz
really				Men flesh is really delicious! ⇒ Tarkâps kulâ kogarz thaikûrz!
truly				The ring is truly powerful! ⇒ Nazgum kulâ balûrz kogarz
certainly	rûzarz	adv	LOS “rûz” (sure) (adj) < HG	Bolg was certainly a strongest orc ⇒ Bolg rûzarz kuz ash uruk bolgaz
certainly	durtarz	adv	LOS “durt” (adj) (sure, certain)	⇒ Bolg kuz ash uruk bolgaz durtarz
especially	zasharz	adv	NL, similarly to HG < SV “shumza” (very much this), but with LOS (SN) “sharz” (very)	Don't anyone in, especially with weapons! ⇒ Nardabh haikon shiksut, zasharz yaksha
particularly				Salted meat is particularly good ⇒ Kaishaga âps kulâ nîr zasharz
specifically				He told specifically about capturing that tower ⇒ Tagashnuz gus dikaut zîg lug zasharz
namely	îzarz	adv	NL “îz” (name) (n)	Orcs, namely Shagrat and Gorbag, want freedom from the Dark Lord ⇒ Uruk-hai, Shagrat and Gorbag îzarz, hizû sligurm Gothbûrzbo
precisely	aktarz	adv	NL < ULK “aktum” (accuracy, precision, marksmanship)	I was going to do precisely this ⇒ Dakrampuzuth aktarz za

English	Nûrlâm	Part of speech	Etymology	Example
for sure	rûzarz	adv	LOS “rûz” (sure) (adj) < HG	I will help you for sure ⇒ Dabhokub gizûr rûzarz
for sure	durtarz	adv	LOS “durt” (adj) (sure, certain)	He was for sure strong ⇒ Takuz durtarz bolg
in fact	kogurmirzi	expr	lit. “by fact”	Bilbo's ring was in fact Sauron's ⇒ Nazg Bilbob kuz Sauronob kogurmirzi
in other words	ghîshirzi isk, ghîshiskirzi	expr	lit. “by other words”	In current circumstances we cannot accept your proposition, in other words – fuck you! ⇒ Shi gugsh radûrz daknarpâsh bhûlut thrâhurm gib, ghîshiskirzi, htolaf!
it means	za/zîg/amash idrâ	expr	lit. “this/that/what means”	The rising sun is red, it means the blood was shed at night ⇒ Ûzhum tulgug karn, za idrâ zamash ghorum smurbâkuzâ shi fugh
or rather	ogh hîsarzar	expr	literal translation	They gave to dwarves some unwanted weapons or rather useless tools ⇒ Takthroguz gazatûr mûd narnargag yak ogh hîsarzar kram narushdûrz
that is	zîg kulâ	expr	literal translation	He is Balrog, that is fallen Maia ⇒ Ta Balrog zîg kulâ hûb lûmpuga
id est (i.e.)	zîg kulâ	expr	literal translation
so to speak	gashnat zârz	expr	lit. “to say so”	He was, so to speak, an embodiment of hope ⇒ Takuz, gashnat zârz, ash turm khardurmob
that's to say	gashnat zârz	expr	lit. “to say so”
to be exact	kulat aktûrz	expr	literal translation	He was killed by servants of Sauron, to be exact, by Nazgûl ⇒ Tadogâkuz snagarzi Sauronob, kulat aktûrz, Nazgûlirzi
to be precise	kulat aktûrz	expr	literal translation
without doubt	shanar hush / hush shanar	expr	literally	Without doubt a Balrog can defeat a human ⇒ Shanar hush ash Balrog pâsh faikut ash tark

Subordinating conjunctions

Subordinating conjunctions often introduce adverbial clauses, and thus many of them strictly speaking belong to relative pronouns and pro-adverbs (see Pro-forms). Similar functions may be carried by clauses with infinitives and gerundives without auxiliary words. Subordinating conjunctions are the part of dependent clause.

Descriptive conjunctions

Descriptive conjunctions are in fact relative pronouns. They take the role of determiners in the sentence.

English	Nûrlâm	Part of speech	Etymology	Example
insomuch	zamaku	pro	“za” (this) + “mak” (much) + “-u” (to)	He hates elves insomuch that he can't even eat them ⇒ Tamok golug-hai zamaku zamash yal tanarpâsh throkhutul
such	zâsh	pro	“za” + “ash”, lit. “this one”	He is such a terrible person! ⇒ Ta zâsh shrabhau!
that	zamash	pro	“za” + “amash”, lit. “this, which …”	The house that Snaga built ⇒ Ozdum zamash Snaga tumbuz
what	amash	pro	“am-” (relative pronoun prefix) + “ash” (one)	You reap what you sow ⇒ Fisrunt amash fisruth
which	amash, amai	pro	as you can see, there is no special word for “which” in Nûrlâm; “what” or “who” are used instead	I don't know which way to go ⇒ Danarîst amash mongirzi ukhat
which	amash, amai	pro		Which one of you did this? ⇒ Amai ash gib krampuz za?
who	amai	pro	“am-” (relative pronoun prefix) + “-hai” (people)	He, who hides in shadows ⇒ Ta amai fauthâ bathor

English	Nûrlâm	Part of speech	Etymology	Example
no more … (than …)	nar makarzar … snû …	expr	literal translation	He fights no more ⇒ Tamauk nar makarzar = Tanarmauk makarzar ⇒ He doesn't fight anymore
no more … (than …)	nar makarzar … snû …	expr	literal translation	She has no more brain than a hen ⇒ Nabrus nar makarzar tunk snû ash porg
so many, so much	zamak	pro	“za” (this) + “mak” (much)	The pot cooked so much food that it flooded the village ⇒ Khûzum throbuzâ zamak throk zamash talauduz fulzum

Adverbial conjunctions of time

English	Nûrlâm	Part of speech	Etymology	Example
after	la	prep	LOS	Wash your hands after shitting ⇒ Yol fib nalg la bagaut
before	ik	prep	LOS	Run before I kill you! ⇒ Irz ik dadogam!
finally	-ûk	suffix, adv	TK, clitic adverb of aspect	I have finally won ⇒ Dafaikuzûk ⁴⁾
finally	gorzarz	adv	DS “gorz-” (to end, finish)	I have finally won ⇒ Dafaikuz gorzarz
just	-îs	suffix, adv	NL < LOS “îs-” (to begin), clitic adverb of aspect	He have just came in ⇒ Tashiskuzîs
lately	shiladil	adv	HG “lad” (late) (adj)	Lately he is been avoiding people ⇒ Shiladil tanarl hai
lately	shîlad	adv	HG “lad” (late) (adj)	⇒ Tanarl hai shîlad
once	nokh	adv	LOS < HG	Wormtongue was once a man of Rohan ⇒ Zomlâm kuz nokh ash nor Lûkhuzgob
once	asharz	adv, num	TK “ash” (one)	Once upon the time in Middle-Earth ⇒ Asharz Noduzgor
since	ghâr	prep	HG < LOS “ghâra” (from)	I haven't seen him since Monday ⇒ Danarkinuzan ghâr shilârsh “ghâr” is used primarily with events described in one word
since	amilah	pro	NL, “amil” (when) + “-ah” (from), “whence”	I haven't seen him since he left the city ⇒ Danarkinuzan amilah taranguz goim
soon	-uth	suffix, adv	NL < Gnomish “mu”, “mutha” (will, I am going to, I am about to); clitic adverb of aspect	The Sun will rise soon ⇒ Ûzh tulgubâtuth
still	zizil	adv	NL, lit. “until now”	Snaga still builds the house ⇒ Snaga tumbâ ozdum zizil
yet	zizil	adv	NL, lit. “until now”	Snaga didn't finished the house yet ⇒ Snaga nargorzuzâ ozdum zizil
then	zîgil	pro	NL, lit. “that time”, from SV “il” (time) and NL “zîg” (that)	The hobbit put on the ring then disappeared ⇒ Kudugum tupuzâ nazgum zîgil bhanuz
till	zi	prep	LOS	Fight till the last drop of blood! ⇒ Mauk zi lîmptîl ghorob!
until	zi	prep	LOS	Do not return until you finish your quest! ⇒ Narkruskât zi figorzub fib sogurm
when	amil	pro	NL	I will return when Sun rises ⇒ Dakruskâtub amil ûzh tulgubâ
whenever	milkon	pro	NL, “mil” (when?) + “kon” (any)	You may come whenever you want ⇒ Fi ilf skâtut milkon finargub
while	kusn	conj	LOS < SV	He was singing a song while going home ⇒ Talashuz ash laush kusn ukhuz mokhu

English	Nûrlâm	Part of speech	Etymology	Example
at last	gorzarz	adv	lit. “finally”, DS “gorz-” (to end, finish)	After the long journey they reached Gondor at last ⇒ La rodh ukhaut takbarluz Gunduzg gorzarz
at the same time	shi zash il	expr	literal translation	He hates elves, but loves their tast at the same time ⇒ Tamok golug-hai ap shi zash il tabrogb shaubum takob
before long	-uth	adv	lit. “soon”; NL < Gnomish “mu”, “mutha” (will, I am going to, I am about to); clitic adverb of aspect	Gondor will fall before long ⇒ Gunduzg zadubâtuth
by the time (when)	ik ilum (amil)	expr	lit. “before the time”	The enemies will be already in Gondor by the time he reach it ⇒ Kuth kubû Gunduzgor dok ik ilum amil tabarlub za
every time	ilûgh	pro	literal translation	He tells the same joke every time we meet him ⇒ Tagashn zash hokum ilûgh dakhogan
for (a) long (time)	expr	furn rodharz	literal translation	I haven't seen him for a long time ⇒ Danarkinuzan furn rodharz
for (a) long (time)	expr	furn ilrodh	literal translation
long before	zi rodharz/ilrodh ik	expr	lit. “by/until long before”, “by long time before”	This elf started fighting long before you was born ⇒ Za golug îsuzâ maukut zi rodharz ik finozduz
meanwhile	shi zil/zîgil	expr	“at this time”, “at that time”, “at now”, “at then”	Hobbits were eating salted pork meanwhile ents were fighting Saruman's orcs ⇒ Kudug throkhuzû bûbâps kaishaga shi zîgil ornog-hai taduzû uruk-hai Sharkûb
next (time)	(shi) (il)ab	expr	NL < DS prefix “ab-” (after, behind, following)	“What to do next?” ⇒ “Mash krampat abarzar”⁵⁾ = “Mash krampat shi ilab”⁶⁾
no sooner than	naruthar snû	expr	literal translation	No sooner had they escaped Wargs than they were captured by goblins ⇒ Takdikâkuz urukirzi naruthar snû takirzuz hîrgah
now that	zil amil	expr	lit. “now when”, may be written as one word	Now that Gorthaur won, orcs may sleep peacefully ⇒ Zil amil Gorthaur faikuzâ, uruk-hai ilfû lorut borzarz

Adverbial conjunctions of place

English	Nûrlâm	Part of speech	Etymology	Example
whence (from where)	aminah	pro	elative case from “amin” (where)	Return to the hole whence you came! ⇒ Kruskât gronkumishi aminah fiskât!
where	amin	pro	NL, relative prefix “am-” + “in” (place)	In the Land of Mordor where the Shadows lie ⇒ Uzgbûrzor amin bathum kâtû
wherever	minkon	pro	NL, “min” (where?) + “kon” (any)	The Great Eye will find you wherever you may run ⇒ Bhahontum gimbubâtam minkon fi ilfulg irzut
whither (whereto, to where)	aminu	pro	allative case from “amin” (where)	I don't know where to go (to) ⇒ Danarîst aminu ukhat

Adverbial conjunctions of comparison

Essive case postposition “-si” and adpositions “zash” and “oth” may all mean “as”. The difference is that “-si” and “oth” are used only when there is only one object of comparison or with second object (reference, to compare with). Essive case ending “-si” is used only with one word long objects, while “oth” may precede the longer phrase. And “zash” precedes the first object of comparison (what to compare). “Oth” is extrapolated from personal name “Othrod” interpreted as “As-a-Mountain”, but this may be wrong and the word may change it's meaning in the future. So two-object comparison may be done with “zash … zash …” or “zash … …-si” (the last only if second object is expressed with one word). Also “oth” means any similarity, while “zash” means identity, equivalence or at least very strong similarity.

English	Nûrlâm	Part of speech	Etymology	Example
as	oth	prep	dubious from TK, AO, BOLT, PN “Othrod”, Etym. “OS-” (about, around)	When in Mordor, do as the Uruk-hai do ⇒ Amil Uzgbûrzor, kramp oth Uruk-hai krampû
as	-si	postp	NL < Quenya “sívë”, Sindarin “sui”	As your friend I advice you to not go there ⇒ Shauktabsi dathrâham narukhut zîgin
like	oth	prep	see above	Troll runs like the Sun is going to rise soon ⇒ Olog khîgâ oth ûzhum tulgubuth/tulgatuth
like	-si	postp	see above	He runs like a rabbit ⇒ Ta irz ash tapsi
likewise	otharz	adv	see “oth”	Uglúk belched and Snaga did likewise ⇒ Uglûk rugduzâ agh Snaga krampuzâ otharz
similarly	otharz	adv	see “oth”	Elves do not take orcs as prisoners, similarly humans kill them instead ⇒ Golug-hai nardikû uruk glûrsi, otharz tark-hai dogul sazgishi
so	zash	prep	SV	Yes, do so ⇒ Akh, kramp zash
so	zârz	pro	NL, adverb from “za” (this)	He is so happy! ⇒ Takul glaz zârz

English	Nûrlâm	Part of speech	Etymology	Example
as … as …	zash … …si	expr	SV “zash” (same, adj) NL “-si” (-like) < Quenya “sívë”, Sindarin “sui” NL “oth”, dubious from TK PN “Othrod”, Etym. “OS-” (about, around)	He is as fast as the rabbit ⇒ Takul zash hîs tapumsi
	zash … oth …	expr		He was as furious as impetuous storm at that battle ⇒ Takul zash hûr oth raumgor shi zîg dogr
	zash … zash …	expr		He is not as smart as he thinks ⇒ Tanarkul zash tunkûrz zash ta ûs
as if	ghungsi	conj	NL, LOS < SV “ghung” (if) + NL “-si” (-like)	You speak so, as if you have already defeated the dragon ⇒ Figashn zârz ghungsi fifaikuz lûgum dok
as though	ghungsi	conj	NL, LOS < SV “ghung” (if) + NL “-si” (-like)
as much … as …	zash mak … zash …	expr	literal translation	Grab as much gold as you can carry! ⇒ Rop zash mak lûr zash gipâsh kolut!
just as … so … (too)	zash … zârz … (shuz)	expr	lit. “same … so …”	Just as body needs exercises to stay healthy, so does the mind ⇒ Zash kraur bolkâ tailurm zârz agh samd
just as … so … (too)	zash … zârz (agh) …	expr	lit. “same … so …”

Adverbial conjunctions of reason

These conjunctions start clause describing the cause of action in the main sentence.

English	Nûrlâm	Part of speech	Etymology	Example
because	taitaga …(-irzi)	pastp	lit. “caused (by)” < NL “tait-” (to cause) < Gnomish “caith” + Quenya “tyar-” < Etym. “KYAR”	He died because of your fault ⇒ Taghuruz taitaga saugfibirzi (mostly in expression “because of”, when cause can be described in one word)
because	zîgah zamash	expr	lit. “from that that”, “thence that”	People think I'm insane because I am frowning all the time ⇒ Hai îstû zamash da trîn zîgâh zamash dalork ilûk
for	zârzamarz	conj	NL, “zârz” (so, thus, hereby) + “amarz” (how), lit. “thus is how”	Forgive me, father, for I have eat your breakfast ⇒ Gont dazûr, krank, zârzamarz dathrokhuz ashrokilfib
since	ghâr	prep, conj	HG < LOS “ghâra”	Since you are already here, help yourself! ⇒ Bhok îmûr ghâr gi(kul) zin dok
why	(a)mûr	pro	NL	I don't why they have chosen this way ⇒ Danarîst amûr tak gobhuz za mûl

English	Nûrlâm	Part of speech	Etymology	Example
that's why	zîgûr	pro	NL, “for that”	He was shot by the elves, that's why he doesn't like them ⇒ Tabauzâkuz golugirzi zîgûr tanarbrogbul
that's why	zazah	pro	NL, “from this”	⇒ Tabauzâkuz golugirzi zazah tanarbrogbul

Adverbial conjunctions of consequence

These conjunctions mark clause describing the effect of action in the main sentence.

English	Nûrlâm	Part of speech	Etymology	Example
accordingly	mbursharz	adv	LOS “mbursh-” (to match, fit)	We haven't been paid for a long, accordingly we will do nothing ⇒ Dakbhagâkuz rodharz, mbursharz daknarkrampub ashkon
consequently	laskâturmsi	expr	NL < LOS “la” (after) + “skât-” (to come) + “si” (as), lit. “as the result”	Volcanic ashes sent by the Dark Lord shielded the orcs from the Sun, consequently they could march towards Gondor faster ⇒ Hîsht urunshob hîstaga gothbûrzirzi lazguzû uruk-hai ûzhbo, laskâturmsi takpâshuz thûkhut Gunduzgu hîsarzar
hence	zazah	pro	NL, “za” + Elative case suffix “-ah”, lit. “from this”	All buildings in Gondor are built of stone, hence it's name (Stone City) ⇒ Tumbambûk Gunduzgor tumbâkuzû gundob, zazah zab îz
hereby, so, thus	zârz	pro	NL (so, thus, hereby)	I hereby sentence you to exile ⇒ Zârz danûmpam hîgurmu
hereby, so, thus	zarzi	pro	NL, lit. “by this”	So you have chosen death! ⇒ Zarzi figobhuz gurzum
subsequently	hîlarz	adv	LOS “hîl-” (to follow) < Quenya “hilya”	We captured them and subsequently tortured prisoners to gain the information ⇒ Dakdikuzul agh hîlarz dakbalguz glûr nântat îsturm
thereby, so, thus	zîgarz	pro	NL < “zîg” (that)	He stood thus for almost an hour ⇒ Tabinuz zîgarz furn ash sib gûth
thereby, so, thus	zîgirzi	pro	NL, lit. “by that”	Hobbit signed the contract, thereby got the right on 1/14th of profits ⇒ Kudug tanuzâ gîzdum, zîgirzi brashuzâ forsh ashir nukhantûrz raunob
therefore	dai	conj	DS (therefore, then, in that case)	I think, therefore I am ⇒ Da ûs, dai da kul
	zîgah	pro	NL, lit. “from that”	The Fellowship noticed Saruman's spies and therefore took another way ⇒ Shaukurm kunduzâ nûsh Sharkûb agh zîgah lautuzâ isk mong
	zazah	pro	NL, lit. “from this”	There are elves in this forest, therefore you should be careful ⇒ Golug-hai kulû tauzazor, zazah fimaug kulut gîrd

English	Nûrlâm	Part of speech	Etymology	Example
by that	zîgarz	pro	NL < “zîg” (that)	Azog carved his name on the Thrór's head and called dwarves beggars, and by that ignited the war between Dwarves and Orcs ⇒ Azog drabuzâ yaztab kazir Thrôrob agh bugduzâ gazat-hai hasauk, agh zîgarz stakuzâ ghûthum gazat-hairi agh uruk-hairi
by that	zîgirzi	pro	NL, lit. “by that”	He shot their leader and by that brought the victory ⇒ Tabauzuz dughal takob agh zîgirzi thraguzâ faikum
(that's) how	(za/zîg/zin) amarz	expr	lit.: (this/that/here) how	And that's how I met your mother ⇒ Agh zîg amarz dahoguz krankniz fib

Adverbial conjunctions of condition

English	Nûrlâm	Part of speech	Etymology	Example
if	ghung	conj	LOS < SV < SV “ghug” (to be, live, exist)	Run if you see a Balrog ⇒ Irz ghung fikinulg ash Balrog
when	amil	pro	NL, relative “when”	When in Mordor, do as the Uruk-hai do ⇒ Amil Uzgbûrzor, kramp oth Uruk-hai krampû

English	Nûrlâm	Part of speech	Etymology	Example
if … then …	ghung … dai …	expr	literal translation	If there will be elves then kill them ⇒ Ghung golug kulg zîgin dai dogul!

Adverbial conjunctions of purpose

Purpose is usually described by clauses with gerundive or infinitive.

English	Nûrlâm	Part of speech	Etymology	Example
for	-at	gerundive	TK, RI, analysis from PE 17	These boots are made for walking ⇒ Za hobh krampâkuzû ukhat
in order to	-at	gerundive	TK, RI, analysis from PE 17	Valar must sink Númenor in order to save the human race ⇒ Balmâgz maugû drûshut Dhûnshuzg bharnat tark-hai

Adverbial conjunctions of cession/drawback

Adverbial conjunctions of several functions

Many adverbial conjunctions of time and place may be used also for reason and consequences. And some conjunctions have several functions in English but translated differently into Nûrlâm.

English	Nûrlâm	Part of speech	Etymology	Example
as (similarity)	si	postp	NL < Quenya “sívë”, Sindarin “sui”	He is brave as a lion ⇒ Ta for ash rorsi
as (simultaneous, time)	kusn	prep	see “while”	The signs started to glow as the moon appeared on the sky ⇒ Tan ghâzhuzûtîs kusn shil thakuzâtûk nûtir
hence (place)	zinah	pro, adv	lit. “from this place”	I'm going hence because you party is boring ⇒ Da ukh zinah taitaga birtgibirzi frâd
hence (time)	zilah	pro, adv	lit. “from this time”	Our journey will take a year hence ⇒ Gaburm dakob frunubâ ash lau zilah
hence (reason/result)	zazah	pro, conj	lit. “from this”	Mithril is very rare, hence very expensive ⇒ Thîribir kulâ raih sharz, zazah turkûrz sharz
just (recently, immediately)	-îs⁷⁾	adv, suffix	NL < LOS “îs-” (to begin)	Somebody just started to knock at the door ⇒ Ashmûd tuhuz(ât)îs pandu
just (recently, immediately)	-ûn⁸⁾	adv, suffix	NL < LOS “ûn” (new) < HG	Somebody just knocked at the door ⇒ Ashmûd tuhuz(ât)ûn pandu
just (a little, barely, probably)	-âzh	adv, suffix	NL	Open the gate just a little! ⇒ Badzâzh hûm!
just (only, simply, exactly)	tug	adv	EL	I'm just a modest worker ⇒ Dakul tug ash bulal zaud
since (reason/time)	ghâr	prep	HG < LOS “ghâra” (from)	Since you have finished your task, here is one new for you! ⇒ Ghâr figorzuz bulfib, pot ash (bul)gin fizûr
since (reason/time)	amilah⁹⁾	pro	lit. “from time”	I haven't eaten since yesterday ⇒ Danarthrokhuz amilah ârshik
so	zârz	pro		Why do you speak so? ⇒ Mûr figashn zârz?
so	zarzi	pro	lit. “by this”	So you have chosen death ⇒ Zârzi figobhuz gurzum
so (comparison)	zash	pro		She is so beautiful! ⇒ Na zash nîr!
still	zizil	conj	lit. “until this time”	Stone trolls are still standing where Bilbo met them ⇒ Gundolog binû zizil amin Bilbo taduzâtul
still	rad	conj	LOS (“now”)	I'm still loving you ⇒ Dabrogbamrad
then (consequence)	dai	conj	DS	If you want be healthy then exercise regularly ⇒ Ghung fihiz kulut môglûrz dai tailok
then (at that time)	zîgil	pro, adv	lit. “that time”	We didn't know about this then ⇒ Daknarîstuz gus za zîgil
then (at that time)	rîg	adv	LOS “rad” (now) + SV “atîg” (there)	It doesn't seem important back then ⇒ Za narbozduz horm rîg
then (next in time)	la	adv	LOS	And then there was silence ⇒ Agh la kuzâ ghilurm
then (next in time)	lârz	adv	LOS “la” + adverb ending “-arz”	And then there were none ⇒ Agh lârz nan irnuzû
thence (time)	zîgilah	pro	lit. “from that time”	They have returned a year thence ⇒ Tak kruskâtuz ash lau zîgilah
thence (place)	zîginah	pro	lit. “from that place”	They travelled to Misty Mountains and thence to Lothlórien ⇒ Tak haruz Rodu Hizgûrz agh zîginah Uzglûrzu
thence (consequence)	zîgah	pro	lit. “from that”	You're lazy, thence I will not pay you ⇒ Gi frûz, zîgah danarbhagubaf
when (time)	amil	pro	SV “il” (time)	He was already dead when I came ⇒ Takuz gûrz dok amil daskâtuz
when (condition)	amil	pro	SV “il” (time)	When in Mordor, do as the Uruk-hai do ⇒ Amil Uzgbûrzor, kramp oth Uruk-hai krampû
whence (place)	(a)minah	pro	lit. “from where”	Whence does he come? ⇒ Minah taskâtuz?
whence (reason, cause)	zîgah	pro	lit. “from that”	This job is dangerous, whence the high reward ⇒ Za bul razgûrz, zîgah târ raunum
while (time)	kusn	conj	SV	Everyone died while he was wandering ⇒ Ashûgh matuz kusn tagabuz
while (contrast)	nân	conj	LOS < Quenya “nan” (but, on the contrary, on the other hand), “ono”	While Dark Lord is revered, he is not liked by the orcs ⇒ Nân Gothbûrz gorthâkâ, tanarkul brogbaga urukirzi
yet (time)	rad	adv	LOS (“now”)	The ring wasn't found yet ⇒ Nazgum nargimbâkuzâ rad
	zilu	pro	lit. “to this time”	Why the food is not here yet? ⇒ Mûr throk narkulâ zin zilu?
	zizil	conj, adv	lit. “until this time”	Orcs didn't conquer the world yet ⇒ Uruk-hai narpaikuzû thard zizil
yet (contrast)	marzkon	pro	“however”	The wizard fell into the abyss yet survived ⇒ Saunorum lûmpuzâ skâmbumishi marzkon kibruzâ

English	Nûrlâm	Part of speech	Etymology	Example
as far as (place)				Their land stretches as far as the sea ⇒ Uzg takob sîga zash baubarz zash kârshum
as far as (time)	zash baubarz zash	conj	literal translation	The war goes as far back as 2793 of the Third Age ⇒ Ghûthum ukhâ krut zash baubarz zash lau krul mink agh udug tusk agh krithnuk agh krig kûrmob krigûrz
as far as (gradation, descriptive)	zash mak zash	lit. “as much as”	literal translation	As far as I know, Balrogs do not have real wings ⇒ Zash mak zash da îst, Balrog narbrusû skoir kog
as far as (concerning, regarding)	zamash gus	conj	lit. “that about”	As far as I'm concerned, this plan is a mistake ⇒ Zamash gus da, (da ûs) za panturm kulâ ash saug
as long as (time)	zash rodharz zash	conj	literal translation	You can stay at our home as long as you wish ⇒ Gipâsh irnut mokhor dakob zash rodharz zash gi irm
so long as (place)	zash rodharz zash	conj	more like “so long as”	Grishnákh's arms are so long as he all ⇒ Bazg Grishnâkhob kulû zash rodharz zash ta ûk
as long as (condition)	ghung	conj	lit. “if”	You are allowed to enter as long as you leave your weapon outside ⇒ Gidabhâk shiskut ghung girangub yak gib lût

English	Nûrlâm	Part of speech	Etymology	Example
anyway	konarz	pro, adv	NL, “kon” (any) + “arz” (adverb suffix)	He warned hobbits that Cirith Ungol is dangerous but they went there anyway ⇒ Tarazguz kudug zamash Ungrik kul razgûrz, ap takukhuz zîginu konarz
anyway	arzkon	pro, adv	NL, “kon” (any) + “arz” (adverb suffix)
despite	narhonug …u	expr	lit. “not looking towards”	Hobbits went to Cirith Ungol despite the warning ⇒ Kudug ukhuzû Ungriku narhonug razgumu
despite	puthug …u	expr	lit. “spitting towards”	They reached Orodruin despite all struggle ⇒ Takbarluz Urundûmp puthug u tadurmûk

English	Nûrlâm	Part of speech	Etymology	Example
after all (this)	la (za) ûk	expr	lit. “after this all”	They had a victory after all the struggle ⇒ Takfaikuz la tadurmûk
even if even though	yal ghung	conj	lit. “even if”	I would not fight the Balrog even if you offer me all the money ⇒ Danartadulg Balrogum yal ghung fithrâhulgiz draugumûk
despite (the fact that), in spite of, regardless of that	narhonug zîgu	expr	lit. “not looking towards that”	Orodruin was erupting, regardless of that fact it was cold nearby ⇒ Urundûmp zgabuzâ, narhonug zîgu kuzâ grazarz mush
with all (this)	zasha ûk	expr	lit. “with this all”	With all his rough speech, he is a nice person deeply in heart ⇒ Zasha lâmpîgtabûk, ta kul shranîr nodor dhun

Nûrlâm –
Black Speech
dialect wiki

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Conjunctions

Coordinating conjunctions

Cumulative conjunctions

Alternative conjunctions

Adversative conjunctions

Gradational conjunctions

Clarifying conjunctions

Subordinating conjunctions

Descriptive conjunctions

Adverbial conjunctions of time

Adverbial conjunctions of place

Adverbial conjunctions of comparison

Adverbial conjunctions of reason

Adverbial conjunctions of consequence

Adverbial conjunctions of condition

Adverbial conjunctions of purpose

Adverbial conjunctions of cession/drawback

Adverbial conjunctions of several functions

See also

Nûrlâm –Black Speech dialect wiki

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Tools

Table of Contents

Conjunctions

Coordinating conjunctions

Cumulative conjunctions

Alternative conjunctions

Adversative conjunctions

Gradational conjunctions

Clarifying conjunctions

Subordinating conjunctions

Descriptive conjunctions

Adverbial conjunctions of time

Adverbial conjunctions of place

Adverbial conjunctions of comparison

Adverbial conjunctions of reason

Adverbial conjunctions of consequence

Adverbial conjunctions of condition

Adverbial conjunctions of purpose

Adverbial conjunctions of cession/drawback

Adverbial conjunctions of several functions

See also

Nûrlâm –
Black Speech
dialect wiki