====== Expressions of possession ======
**//Possession//** of objects express asymmetrical relation between [[syntax_subject|subject]] and [[syntax_object|object]] or between two objects:
  * one item is the part of another item or person;
  * to mark owner of subject or object; 
  * to describe public/private property/ownership;
  * object currently/temporarily is/was in close proximity with subject or another object;

Possessed object may be not materialistic but some abstract quality.

Nûrlâm do not differentiate grammatically between //alienable// (like money) and //inalienable// (e.g. parts of body, person's relatives) possession.

Possession may be expressed grammatically by:
  - objects in [[case_genitive|genitive case]] (-ob);
  - objects in [[case_comitative|comitative case]] (-sha);
  - certain [[grammar_verb|verbs]]: "brus-" (to have got), "tabz-" (to own, possess) and others.

Impersonal existential clauses are not used in Nûrlâm to express possession as in Russian and some Uralic languages.

Negated possession ([[syntax_absence|absence]]) may be expressed differently.

Cases are used to avoid complex sentences when the fact of possession is not the topic.

===== Genitive-Possessive case =====
Nûrlâm do not have distinct possessive case, but //genitive case// is the most common way to mark **owner** (possessor) of subject or object. Possessive expression in that case may be considered as [[syntax_determiner|modifier]]. When the possessor is a one-syllable long pronoun it may join the possessed noun as [[clitics|clitic]].

Example 1: "__His__ house is huge" = "Ozd __tab__ (kulâ) bhâ".

Example 2: "They came to the forest of elves" = "Takskâtuz tauzu golug__ob__"

===== Comitative case =====
Comitative case (clitic postposition //-sha//, mostly identical to English preposition "with") may be sometimes used to mark the **property** (the possessed) of subject or object. Such expressions are also considered as modifiers. Usually comitative case means that marked noun is the part of subject or another object.

Example 1: "Orc with knife is terrorizing the local area" = "Uruk kirm__sha__ gothuglâ hofum"((added "goth" (dread, war, strife) to "ugl-" (simply "frighten") to emphasize the meaning))

Example 2: "Mug is a beaker with handle" = "Zân kulâ kolk unral__sha__"

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===== Verbs indicating ownership =====

Verbs may carry more nuances of ownership and used when the fact of possession is the topic of sentence.

==== Static ====
These verbs indicate current relation between subject and object as possession without changing their status. 

"Brus-" (to have got) and "tabz-" (to own, possess) show that subject is owner and object is a property. Verbs "fîth-" and "unr-" (to keep, hold) and "durb-" (control, rule over) indirectly have the similar function. But the roles of subject and object may be inverted if these verbs are used in [[grammar_voice#passive voice|passive voice]].

^ Voice   ^ Role of subject ^ Role of object ^ 
^ active  | owner           | possession |
^ passive | possession      | owner      |

Example 1: "Uruk brusâ ash kirm" = "Orc has a knife"

Example 2: "Kirm kulâ tabzag urukirzi" = "Knife is owned by the orc"

The verb "aud-" (to belong) shows that subject is a property and the object is an owner. Direct object is required to be in [[case_dative|Dative case]]. This verb cannot be in passive voice, as it's already turns subject into patient of an action.

Example: "Kirm audâ urukûr" = "Knife belongs to orc"

The verb "kul-" (to be) may replace all these verbs. But then possessor should be marked with //genitive case// and the possession with //comitative case//.

Example 1: "Za kirm kulâ urukob" = "This knife is orc's"

Example 2: "Za uruk kulâ kirmsha" = "This orc is with knife"

==== Dynamic =====
There are many verbs that indicate changing of ownership: "throg-" (to give), "nork-" (to take) and others. They may state that ownership is obtained or lost with optional mentioning of new or old owner as indirect object. If verb means that it's indirect object is the new owner, than [[case_dative|Dative case]] is used; if it's indirect object is the old owner, than [[case_locative#ablative_case|Ablative case]] is used. The roles of subject and object may be inverted by placing the verb into passive voice, then direct object must be in [[case_instrumental|Instrumental case]].

=== Obtaining the ownership ===
The following verbs usually indicate obtaining the ownership over the direct object:
  * brash- (get, gain, obtain, retrieve)
  * dik- (capture)
  * gamb- (earn, gain a reward)
  * gimb- (find, seek out, discover)
  * krimp- (bind, tie)
  * nânt- (receive, acquire, get)
  * nork- (take)
  * orsk- (steal)
  * paik- (conquer)
  * rop- (seize, grab, grasp, grip)
  * snab- (get, acquire, lay hold of, take)
  * thrak- (to bring, hale, drag)
  * thudurb- (conquer)
  * tûz- (buy, purchase, trade)

Many of these verbs may have two indirect objects: new owner in dative case and old owner in ablative case, if the action was performed by subject which didn't got ownership at the end (e.g. on behalf of other person), only temporarily. Moreover the first owner or creator of object may be expressed by possessive phrase modifying the direct object, and there may be up to 4 participants (but such phrases are very confusing and not recommended to use). Some of these verbs may have no objects at all, but then they stop indicate changing of possessor and refer to regular action.

^  Active voice  ^^^^^^^ 
^ Number of\\ participants ^  Roles of  ^^^^^ Examples ^
^ ::: ^  subject     ^  direct object  ^  direct object's\\ possessive modifier\\ (genitive case)  ^  indirect object\\ (dative case)  ^  indirect object\\ (ablative case)  ^ ::: ^
|  1  |  new owner   |  possession((accusative case, optional for some verbs))  |  ---  |  ---  |  ---  | Da orskuz nazgum = I stole the ring |
|  2  |  new owner   | ::: |  old owner  |  ---  |  ---  | Da orskuz nazgum mâgz__ob__ = I stole the master's ring |
|  2  |  agent       | ::: |  ---  |  new owner  |  ---  | Danorkuz nazgum mâgz__ûr__ = I took the ring for the master |
|  2  |  new owner   | ::: |  ---  |  ---  |  old owner  | Danorkuz nazgum piraga__bo__ = I took the ring from hobbit |
|  3  |  agent       | ::: |  old owner  |  new owner  |  ---  | Uruk thrakubû nazg gazat__ob__ Nazgûl__ûr__ = Orcs will bring dwarven rings to Nazgûl |
|  3  |  final owner  | ::: |  first owner  |  ---  |  second owner  | Shargroth nântuzâ nazgum golug__ob__ Lûntarth__bo__ = Gandalf got the elven ring from Círdan((names Gandlaf and Cirdan were translated from "Grey Man" (compare with Saruman's "Sharkû" = "Old Man") and "Ship-wright" respectively)) | 
|  3  |  agent       | ::: |  ---  |  new owner  |  old owner  | Urukhai ropuzû nazgum piraga__bo__ goth__ûr__ takob = Orc seized the ring from halflings for their Master |
|  4  |  agent\\ (third owner)  | ::: |  first owner  |  final owner  |  second owner  | Nazgûl dikuzû nazgum gazat__ob__  Thráin__bo__ Mâgzbûrz__ûr__ = Nazgûl captured the dwarven ring from Thráin for the Dark Lord |

^  Passive voice  ^^^^^^^ 
^ Number of\\ participants ^  Roles of  ^^^^^ Examples ^
^ ::: ^  subject     ^  subject's\\ possessive modifier\\ (genitive case)  ^  direct object\\ (instrumental case)  ^  indirect object\\ (dative case)  ^  indirect object\\ (ablative case)  ^ ::: ^
|  1  |  possession  |  ---  |  new owner  |  ---  |  ---  | Nazgum orskâkuzâ uruk__irzi__ = The ring was stolen by orcs |
|  2  | ::: |  old owner  |  new owner  |  ---  |  ---  | Nazgum mâgz__ob__ kuzâ orskaga da__rzi__ = The master's ring was stolen by me |
|  2  | ::: |  ---  |  agent  |  new owner  |  ---  | Nazgum orskâkuzâ da__rzi__ mâgz dab__ûr__ = The ring was stolen by me for my master |
|  2  | ::: |  ---  |  new owner  |  ---  |  old owner  | Nazgum norkâkuzâ piraga__bo__ uruk__irzi__ = The ring was taken from hobbit by orcs |
|  3  | ::: |  old owner  |  agent  |  new owner  |  ---  | Nazg gazat__ob__ kulû thrakat Nazgûl__ûr__ uruk__irzi__ = Dwarven rings are to be brought by orcs for Nazgûl((passive action here is expressed with gerundive)) |
|  3  | ::: |  first owner  |  final owner  |  ---  |  second owner  | Nazgum golug__ob__ kuzâ nântaga Shargroth__irzi__ Lûntarth__bo__ = The elven ring was received by Gandalf from Círdan |
|  3  | ::: |  ---  |  agent  |  new owner  |  old owner  | Nazgum ropâkuzâ uruk__irzi__ piraga__bo__ goth__ûr__ takob = The ring was seized by orcs from hobbits for their master |
|  4  | ::: |  first owner  |  agent\\ (third owner)  |  final owner  |  second owner  | Nazg gazat__ob__ dikâkuzâ Nazgûlirzi Thráin__bo__ Mâgzbûrz__ûr__ = The dwarven ring was captured by Nazgûl from Thráin for the Dark Lord |

=== Loosing the ownership ===
The following verbs indicate loosing the ownership:
  * af- (throw, cast, toss)
  * bûf- (lose)
  * draug (sell)
  * rang- (abandon, leave)
  * throg- (give, grant, yield, tribute, make gift, bestow, endow, indue)

These verbs may have zero or only one indirect object which must be in Dative case
^  Active voice  ^^^^^^
^ Number of\\ participants ^  Roles of  ^^^^ Examples ^
^ ::: ^  subject     ^  direct object  ^  direct object's\\ possessive modifier\\ (genitive case)  ^  indirect object\\ (dative case)  ^ ::: ^
|  1  |  old owner  |  possession  |  ---  |  ---  | Dabûfuz nazgum = I lost the ring |
|  2  |  agent      |  :::  |  old owner  |  ---  | Gazat drauguz yak tak__ob__ = Dwarves sold their weapons |
|  2  |  old owner  |  :::  |  ---  |  new owner  | Kudug ranguzâ nazgum ash nurtab__ûr__ = Hobbit left the ring for his relative |
|  3  |  agent      |  :::  |  old owner  |  new owner  | Lûntharth throguzâ nazgum golug__ob__ Shargroth__ûr__ = Círdan gave the elven ring to Gandalf  |

^  Passive voice  ^^^^^^
^ Number of\\ participants ^  Roles of  ^^^^ Examples ^
^ ::: ^  subject     ^  subject's\\ possessive modifier\\ (genitive case)  ^  direct object\\ (instrumental case)  ^  indirect object\\ (dative case)  ^ ::: ^
|  1  |  possession  |  ---  |  old owner  |  ---  | Nazgum bûfâkuzâ Gollum__irzi__ = The ring was lost by Gollum |
|  2  |  :::  |  first owner  |  agent /\\ second owner  |  ---  | Yak golug__ob__ kuzâ draugaga gazat__irzi__ = Elven weapon was sold by dwarves |
|  2  |  :::  |  ---  |  agent /\\ old owner  |  new owner  | Nazgum kuzâ rangaga Frodo__zûr__ Bilbo__rzi__  = The ring was left by Bilbo for Frodo |
|  3  |  :::  |  first owner  |  agent\\ (second owner)  |  final owner  | Nazg gazat__ob__ throgâkuzû Nazgûl__ûr__ uruk__irzi__ = Dwarven rings were given to Nazgûl by orcs |

The verb "kurb-" (to exchange, barter, trade) express both obtaining and loosing the ownership. New owner (indirect object) should be marked with //comitative case//. 

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===== See also =====
  * [[lexicon:ownership|Wordlist: Ownership]]