====== Direct and Indirect Speech ====== //Direct// and //Indirect// speech are both used by speaker or writer to describe, report or quote speech of other person. This person is usually mentioned in author's clause. ==== Example ==== ^ ^ English ^ Nûrlâm ^ ^ Direct speech | He said: "I will come tomorrow" | Tagashnuz: "Daskâtub ârshab" | ^ Indirect speech | He said that he will come tomorrow | Tagashnuz (zamash) taskâtub ârshab | ------------------------- ===== Direct Speech ===== **//Direct speech//** is used to represent the speech of other person exactly with the same words as they were, with all errors and phonetical . Direct speech is not a member of complex sentence, but individual words may be syntactically analyzed within the direct speech. ==== Punctuation ==== In latin-based scripts the direct speech is put between quotation marks: "direct speech". However genuine Tolkien's scripts [[Tengwar]] and [[Cirth]] lack such punctuation marks (regular european quotes are used). Tengwar(([[https://www.forodrim.org/daeron/mdtci.html#DTS50|DTS50]] and [[https://www.forodrim.org/daeron/mdtci.html#DTS51|DTS51]] -- Sauron Defeated. Part Two: The Notion Club papers, "The page preserved from Edwin Lowdham's manuscript")) has some punctuation marks resembling quotes «8qpEjL» -- but it seems they represent parentheses. ===== Quote ===== Usually the term **//quote//** is used synonymously with //direct speech// but it is not always so. Quote may belong to member of sentence: ^ English | Everyone knows that Ring Inscription starts with "Ash nazg...", but what is next? | ^ Nûrlâm | ûgh îstâ zamash Nazg Zarbûrm îsâ "Ash nazg..." irzi, nân mash (kulâ) ab? | In this example ''with "Ash nazg"'' is an adverbial of verb ''starts'' and is not a direct speech. --------------------------- ===== Indirect Speech ===== **//Indirect speech//** is used to represent the speech of other person in speaker's words. It is usually introduced by relative [[conjunctions|conjunction]] "that" = "zamash". Author's speech is [[syntax_parenthesis|introductionary clause]] of the sentence. Inside indirect speech personal [[pronouns]] are usually transformed from 1st or 2nd person into 3rd person. However if person who was addressee of direct speech in 3rd person becomes a listener of indirect speech, he will be mentioned in 2nd person. ^ ^ English ^ Nûrlâm ^ ^ Direct Speech | "Tell him that **I** will kill **him**" | "Gashnan zamash **da**dogub**an**" | ^ Indirect Speech | He told that **he** will kill **you** | Tagashnuz zamash **ta**dogub**am** | --------------------------- ===== Tense agreement ===== There is no special rules of tense agreement in Nûrlâm when using direct or indirect speech.