====== Analytical constructions of Nûrlâm ====== The language is called **//analytic//** when grammar and relation between words is primarily expressed by [[syntax|word order]] rather then inflection. This term is a part of [[morphology#morphological_typology_of_nurlam|morphological typology]]. And as other types of language there are no pure examples for this concept, but rather a certain degree of this. This article focuses on analytical //style// of [[Nûrlâm]] instead of studying various analytical constructions used in all variants of language (like expressing [[grammar_mood|modality]] or [[grammar_voice|voice]]). [[Orcish curse]] is the perfect example of existing a speech style different to "official" [[ring-verse|ring inscription]]. While the latter shows agglutination and word inflection, grammar of orcish curse is closer to English with it's analyticness. [[black_speech_dialects#svartiska|Svartiska]] dialect combined these styles, through mixing of it's subdialects though. Nûrlâm was also split into three [[black_speech_evolution|branches]] or styles: * [[archaic_style|archaic]], "high" speech, close to Ring Inscription, highly agglutinative with a lot of suffixes for grammatical forms; * standard language brings some analytic and fusion properties; * colloquial, similar to Orcish curse, highly analytical, easier for English-speaking users. ===== Differences from Standard Nûrlâm ===== Colloquial analytic speech differs from standard Nûrlâm in following ways: * suffixes of verb's 3rd person and number may be skipped; * no [[clitics|clitic]] words, all postpositions, adverbs, pronouns, short adjectives are written stand-alone and not joined to other words; * **post**positions became **pre**positions; * suffixes of verb's [[grammar_tense|tense]] are sometimes written separately before verb; * infinitives and gerundives are combined into one grammatical form with suffix //-at// but called infinitive * modal meanings of gerundive are not used, replaced with modal-like verbs (must, want, intend) or relative clauses after conjunction "that" and Subjunctive mood (depending on modality). Colloquial language however introduced a feature of //synthetic// language by adding suffixes for the category of [[grammar_number|number]] for nouns, pronouns, adjectives, participles: * plural suffixes are added to nouns (see [[grammar_number#in_orcish_dialects_and_colloquial_speech|Grammatical number]] article); * adjectives and adjectival participles should agree with noun in number; * some personal pronouns have different forms (see [[pronouns#colloquial_nurlam|Pronouns]] article); * all type of pronouns may be pluralized the same way as nouns (except pro-adverbs); * few postpositions may still be used sometimes for [[grammar_case|cases]] (genitive-possessive, dative, instrumental), mostly for pronouns (with addition of Objective/Accusative); As analytical Nûrlâm represents variety of orcish dialects, these features may occur in different combinations and be somewhere in between the Standard and Colloquial language. ==== Examples ==== ^ Standard Nûrlâm ^ English translation ^ Modern Nûrlâm ^ | Za sigûrz glamb naruglubû urukforum | These long claws will not scare the brave orc | Zaz sigûrzû glambû ub nar ugl(û) za for uruk | | Mûr gifauth dâdishi? | Why do you((plural)) hide in the shadows? | Mûr latû fauth ishi dâd? | | Gunduzg kulâ shadat | Gondor must be destroyed | Gunduzg maug kulat shadag |