====== Adverbials and adjuncts ======
**//Adverbial//** is a word or phrase that modifies other [[syntax_determiner|modifier]] or [[syntax_predicate|predicate]]. It answers such questions like "how?", "where?", "when?", "why?".

**//Adjunct//** is an //optional// adverbial that may be excluded from sentence without losing it's sense and without violating [[grammar]].

Adverbial phrase may be expressed by:
  * [[grammar_adverb|Adverb]]: "He fought <wrap dashed_underline>vigorously</wrap>" => "Tamaukuz <wrap dashed_underline>hûrarz</wrap>";
  * Noun in one of [[case_locative|locative cases]]: "He fought <wrap dashed_underline>inside the building</wrap>" => "Tamaukuz <wrap dashed_underline>tumbambum**or**</wrap>";
  * Noun with [[adpositions|adposition]] expressing time or place: "He fought <wrap dashed_underline>in front of the gates</wrap>" => "Tamaukuz <wrap dashed_underline>hûmob **ik**</wrap>";
  * Noun in one of marginal case: [[case_instrumental|instrumental]], [[case_comitative|comitative]] or [[case_essive|essive]]: "Dragon was killed <wrap dashed_underline>by humans</wrap>" => "Lûg kuzâ dogaga <wrap dashed_underline>tark**irzi**</wrap>";
  * [[proform|Pro-adverb]]: "He won <wrap dashed_underline>somehow</wrap>" => "Tafaikuz <wrap dashed_underline>mûdarz</wrap>";
  * Distributive numerals: "They were killed <wrap dashed_underline>one by one</wrap>" => "Tak kuz dogaga <wrap dashed_underline>ash**irzi**</wrap>";
  * [[grammar_participle|Participle]] with optional dependent words: "Orc was singing a song <wrap dashed_underline>being executed by elves</wrap>" => "Uruk lashuzâ ash laush <wrap dashed_underline>dûmb**ag** golugirzi</wrap>";
  * Dependent clause: "He was sitting on the throne <wrap dashed_underline>when they came in</wrap>" => "Taduzuz daulîmir <wrap dashed_underline>amil takshiskuz</wrap>".

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===== Word order =====
Typically adverbials follow the word they modify, however adverbials which modify adjective may precede it (specially in colloquial speech). If the verb has several adverbials, they may be split -- some precede the verb, while others follow it, but otherwise adverbial's word order is:

^ Position((relative to main word)) ^ 1  ^ 2  ^ 3  ^ Example ^
^ preceeding/split | Time (when?) | Manner (how? why?) | Place (where?) | Ârshik tadoguz ash lûg ulsarz Ashûk Urunir = lit. "Yesterday he killed a dragon easily at the Lonely Mountain" |
^ following  | Place (where?) | Manner (how? why?) | Time (when?) | Tadoguz ash lûg Ashûk Urunir ulsarz ârshik = lit. "He killed a dragon at the Lonely Mountain easily yesterday" |

When adverbial phrase consists of more than one word it is often shifted to the end of sequence of adverbials: "Tadoguz ash lûg ulsarz ârshik Ashûk Urunir" (lit. "He killed a dragon easily yesterday at the Lonely Mountain").