====== Swadesh lists for Nûrlâm ======
**//Swadesh list//** is the short set of words used for historical-comparative linguistics and lexicostatistics. It consists of wide-spread, universal words available in the most languages of the world. However as it's seen on [[Nûrlâm]] [[black_speech_dialects|dialect]], Black Speech is lacking categories of [[grammar_number|number]] and [[grammar_gender|animacy]] but with words describing several humanoid species this "universality" is not always true. See [[wp>Swadesh_list|Wikipedia]] for more information on this subject. Also, please notice, that Swadesh lists have nothing to do with frequency of words' appearance in real texts or speech.
Examples for various aspects of Nûrlâm at these wiki pages will try to restrict their [[lexicon]] to this list and some additional words mentioned in [[tolkien_word_list|Tolkien's sources]].
===== Swadesh 207 words list =====
Words appeared in final 100 words list ([[#Swadesh_100_words_list|see below]]) are marked **bold**. Authentic Nûrlâm words invented specially for this dialect or for BlackSpeech.ru web-site are marked with asterisk (*) and borrowed from other dialects (except Shadowlandian) with //italics//.
^ № ^ English ^ Nûrlâm ^ Part of\\ speech ^ Etymology ((see the list of [[abbreviations]])) ^ Comments ^ Categories ^
| 1 | **I** | //da// | pron | HORN "da";\\ compare with Urartian ending "-də" of intransitive verb in 1st person singular | Please refer to [[pronouns]] page for correct usage | [[pronouns#personal_pronouns|Personal pronouns]], [[clitics|clitic]], [[lexicon:people|people]] |
| 2 | **you** (sing.); thou | fi* | pron | Gnomish singular "fi" + Hurrian standalone singular "fe" | Please refer to [[pronouns]] page for correct usage | [[pronouns#personal_pronouns|Personal pronouns]], [[clitics|clitic]], [[lexicon:people|people]] |
| 3 | he | ta | pron | EL "tak" (they), all major dialects from Etym. "TA" (that), Qenya "ta" (that, it), replaced in later Quenya | means any 3rd person singular (he, she, it);\\ please refer to [[pronouns]] page for correct usage | [[pronouns#personal_pronouns|Personal pronouns]], [[clitics|clitic]], [[lexicon:people|people]] |
| 4 | **we** | //dak// | pron | HORN "dak", in analogy with 3rd person "ta" -- "tak" | please refer to [[pronouns]] page for correct usage | [[pronouns#personal_pronouns|Personal pronouns]], [[clitics|clitic]], [[lexicon:people|people]] |
| 5 | you (pl.); ye | gi* | pron | Gnomish "gwe" (pl.), DS "ki" < Adûnaic "ki" & Qenya "ke" (sing.), DS "gi" (your) | please refer to [[pronouns]] page for correct usage | [[pronouns#personal_pronouns|Personal pronouns]], [[clitics|clitic]], [[lexicon:people|people]] |
| 6 | they | tak | pron | EL | please refer to [[pronouns]] page for correct usage | [[pronouns#personal_pronouns|Personal pronouns]], [[clitics|clitic]], [[lexicon:people|people]] |
| 7 | **this** | za | pron | EL, all major dialects | means also "these" in Nûrlâm; often used as definite article "the" | [[pronouns#demonstrative_pronouns|Demonstrative pronouns]], [[proform|Pro-forms]] |
| 8 | **that** | zîg* | pron | LOS < HORN < EL "za" (this) + NL "tîg" (there) | means also "those" in Nûrlâm | [[pronouns#demonstrative_pronouns|Demonstrative pronouns]], [[proform|Pro-forms]] |
| 9 | here | 1) zin* | pro | "za" (this, see #7) + "in" < Quenya "en" (there, look!) < Etym. "EN-" (over there, yonder) | | [[proform|Pro-forms]], [[lexicon:direction|directions]] |
| ::: | ::: | 2) pot | adv | SV < "pôt-" (to come) | | [[proform|Pro-forms]], [[lexicon:direction|directions]], [[lexicon:slang|colloquial]] |
| 10 | there | 1) zîgin* | pro | "zîg" (that, see #8) + "in" (see #9) | | [[proform|Pro-forms]], [[lexicon:direction|directions]] |
| ::: | ::: | 2) tîg* | adv | SV, all major dialects, "atîg" (over there) | | [[proform|Pro-forms]], [[lexicon:direction|directions]], [[lexicon:slang|colloquial]] |
^ № ^ English ^ Nûrlâm ^ Part of\\ speech ^ Etymology ^ Comments ^ Categories ^
| 11 | **who** | 1) mai* | pron | BS "hai" (people, folk, race) + interrogative prefix "m-" | interrogative (question) | [[pronouns#relative_and_interrogative_pronouns|Relative & Interrogative pronouns]], [[proform|Pro-forms]], [[lexicon:people|people]] |
| ::: | ::: | 2) amai* | ::: | ::: | relative | ::: |
| 12 | **what** | 1) mash | pron | LOS | interrogative (question) | [[pronouns#relative_and_interrogative_pronouns|Relative & Interrogative pronouns]], [[proform|Pro-forms]] |
| ::: | ::: | 2) amash | ::: | ::: | relative | ::: |
| 13 | where | 1) min* | pron | see "here" (#9) | interrogative (question) | [[proform|Pro-forms]], [[lexicon:direction|directions]] |
| ::: | ::: | 2) amin* | ::: | ::: | relative | ::: |
| 14 | when | 1) mil* | pron | SV "il" (time) + interrogative prefix "m-" | interrogative (question) | [[proform|Pro-forms]], [[lexicon:time|temporal]] |
| ::: | ::: | 2) amil* | ::: | ::: | relative | ::: |
| 15 | how | 1) marz* | pron | interrogative prefix "m-" + adverb suffix "-arz" | interrogative (question) | [[proform|Pro-forms]] |
| ::: | ::: | 2) amarz* | ::: | ::: | relative | ::: |
| 16 | **not** | nar | clitic | AN, all major dialects | used as prefix or suffix like "non-", "dis-", "un-", "-n't" | [[proform|Pro-forms]], [[lexicon:quantity|quantity]], [[lexicon:auxiliary|auxiliary]] |
| 17 | **all** | ûk | pron | TK, RI | used as suffix/clitic pronoun; also clitic adverb with literal meaning "fully, completely" used to express perfect(ive) aspects of verb | [[proform|Pro-forms]], [[lexicon:quantity|quantity]], [[lexicon:people|people]] |
| 18 | **many** | //mak// | adj, pron | SV | also means "lots", "much"; as quantifier used with noun in Genitive; also means indefinite pronoun | [[proform|Pro-forms]], [[lexicon:quantity|quantity]] |
| 19 | some | //mûd// | adj, pron | HG < LOS "mupsh" < MB | used both as quantifier (e.g. some milk) and indefinite pronoun (e.g. some say) | [[proform|Pro-forms]], [[lexicon:quantity|quantity]] |
| 20 | few | ::: | ::: | ::: | ::: | ::: |
| 21 | other | isk* | pron | merging Quenya "exë" + LOS "izg" (I) | | [[proform|Pro-forms]], [[lexicon:people|people]] |
^ № ^ English ^ Nûrlâm ^ Part of\\ speech ^ Etymology ^ Comments ^ Categories ^
| 22 | **one** | ash | # | TK, RI | often used as indefinite article (a, an); as Nûrlâm lacks grammar category of number, it denotes singular, because nouns are plural by default | [[lexicon:quantity|quantity]], [[lexicon:people|people]], [[lexicon:auxiliary|auxiliary]] |
| 23 | **two** | krul | # | LOS | | [[lexicon:quantity|quantity]] |
| 24 | three | krig* | # | Hurrian "kig-"; EL "gakh", all major dialects; changed to avoid confusion with AN "gâkh-" (may, let); compare with EH "krilg" | | [[lexicon:quantity|quantity]] |
| 25 | four | hant* | # | merging ON "jhet" with Etym. "KÁNAT" | | [[lexicon:quantity|quantity]] |
| 26 | five | krâk | # | LL | | [[lexicon:quantity|quantity]] |
| 27 | **big** | 1) dau* | adj | Sindarin "daer" (great, large); compare with LOS "dur" (big, large) with same Etymology, changed to avoid ambiguity with SV ("head") and DS ("soon") | great, large | [[lexicon:measure|measure]] |
| ::: | ::: | 2) pol* | ::: | Quenya "polda" (big), "poldor" (physical strength, might) | big, large, physically strong (all about person) | [[lexicon:measure|measure]], [[lexicon:quality|quality]] |
| 28 | **long** | //rodh// | adj | HORN | | [[lexicon:measure|measure]], [[lexicon:time|time]] |
| 29 | wide | 1) plan* | adj | Quenya "palan", "palda" < Etym. "PAL", as in "Palantir" | | [[lexicon:measure|measure]] |
| ::: | ::: | 2) yan* | ::: | Quenya "yána", Sindarin "iaun" (wide, vast, huge) | wide, vast, roomy, extensive | ::: |
| 30 | thick | //hath// | adj | HORN (means also "heavy"), marked as borrowed from SV but without original form, and it's absent in Svartiska dictionaries | | [[lexicon:measure|measure]] |
| 31 | heavy | bûrd* | adj | merging LOS, SV, HG "bur" (weight), "burûrz" (heavy) < MB with LP "brauda" < Adûnaic "burôda", "buruda" | | [[lexicon:measure|measure]] |
| 32 | **small; little** | 1) //sta// | adj | SV, HORN "sta" (small, little, low, short, puny, light-weight); compare with Etym. "STINTÂ" (short) | | [[lexicon:measure|measure]], [[clitics|clitic]] |
| ::: | ::: | 2) //mik// | ::: | SV (small, little); compare with DS "mig" | sometimes used as prefix | ::: |
| 33 | short | //sta// | adj | see #32 | | [[lexicon:measure|measure]] |
| 34 | narrow | yat* | adj | Quenya "yatta" (narrow neck) | | [[lexicon:measure|measure]] |
| 35 | thin | //boh// | adj | HORN (slim, thin, slight, slender); marked as borrowed from SV (as LOS "bukol") but was not found in Svartiska dictionary | | [[lexicon:measure|measure]] |
^ № ^ English ^ Nûrlâm ^ Part of\\ speech ^ Etymology ^ Comments ^ Categories ^
| 36 | **woman; female** | -niz* | suffix | Quenya "nís" (noun "woman") | feminizer suffix like "-ess", "she-" | [[lexicon:people|people]] |
| 37 | **man; male** | nor* | n | Etym. "NDER", "DER" | male person of any race | [[lexicon:people|people]] |
| 38 | **person; man** | shra | n | LOS, SV < EL "shara" (human) < TK "sharkû" (old man) | person of any race and gender, also "people" | [[lexicon:people|people]] |
| 39 | child | 1) dâg | n | LOS, compare with SV "dagalush" (small imp, goblin) and "dâgalûr" (demon) | about age | [[lexicon:people|people]] |
| ::: | ::: | 2) khind* | ::: | NL < Adûnaic "-hin" (child, patronymic suffix) | refers both to age and degree of kinship | ::: |
| 40 | wife | firniz* | n | see #41 + feminizer suffix (see #36) | | [[lexicon:people|people]] |
| 41 | husband | fir* | n | Quenya "veru" (married pair) | also means "spouse", "consort", "mate" (only biological meaning) | [[lexicon:people|people]] |
| 42 | mother | krankniz* | n | see #43 + feminizer suffix (see #36) | | [[lexicon:people|people]] |
| 43 | father | krank | n | LOS | in Nûrlâm means more like "parent", "ancestor" | [[lexicon:people|people]] |
^ № ^ English ^ Nûrlâm ^ Part of\\ speech ^ Etymology ^ Comments ^ Categories ^
| 44 | animal; beast | 1) alai | n | LOS < SV "alaj" (animal, beast) | in Nûrlâm more like any living but non-intelligent creature (but not trees) | [[lexicon:animals|animals]] |
| ::: | ::: | 2) //bork// | ::: | SV (animal) | "animal", usually refers to mammals and reptiles | ::: |
| 45 | **fish** | skab* | n | Etym. "SKAL2" | | [[lexicon:animals|animals]], [[lexicon:water|water]], [[lexicon:food|food]] |
| 46 | **bird** | aig* | n | Gnomish "aigli", Sindarin "aew" < Etym. "AIWÊ" | | [[lexicon:animals|animals]], [[lexicon:food|food]] |
| 47 | **dog** | hunk* | n | Etym. "KHUG", "KHUGAN", probably Indo-European origin (Germanic "hund", Latin "canis"); compare with Sindarin "hû", PN Silm. "Huan"; compare with HORN "huk", SV "hundur", ON "kon" | also "hound" | [[lexicon:animals|animals]], [[lexicon:curses|curses]] |
| 48 | **louse** | abh* | n | Hurrian "aphe" | may refer any skin or hair parasite (also "flea", "crum", "mite", "tick", "acarid" etc.) | [[lexicon:animals|animals]], [[lexicon:curses|curses]] |
| 49 | snake | lûg* | n | Etym. "LOK", [[Elven_languages|Gnomish]] "Lug", probably AO | bigger snake, dragon | [[lexicon:animals|animals]], [[lexicon:rpg|roleplay]] |
| 50 | worm | zom* | n | SV "dhomaj" | | [[lexicon:animals|animals]], [[lexicon:curses|curses]] |
| 51 | **tree** | orn* | n | Quenya "ornë" (isolated tree) | | [[lexicon:botany|plants]] |
| 52 | forest | tau | n | LOS < Sindarin "taw", "taur" | also "woods" | [[lexicon:botany|plants]], [[lexicon:terrain|terrain]], [[lexicon:material|materials]] |
| 53 | stick | ghru | n | LOS (stick, pole, penis, club) < SV "ghrû" (erected penis) | also euphemism for "penis" | [[lexicon:botany|plants]], [[lexicon:tools|tools]], [[lexicon:material|materials]], [[lexicon:anatomy|anatomy]], [[lexicon:curses|curses]], [[lexicon:slang|colloquial]] |
| 54 | fruit | gau* | n | Quenya "yávë" | may refer to vegetables also | [[lexicon:botany|plants]], [[lexicon:food|food]] |
| 55 | **seed** (botanics) | 1) blûz* | n | Gnomish "bloss" (wheat) + SV "blûg" (seed, grain), most major dialects, also "blûg-" (grind, mill) < Albanian "bluaj" (to grind, mill) | also "grain" (incl. of sand) | [[lexicon:botany|plants]], [[lexicon:food|food]], [[lexicon:material|materials]] |
| ::: | ::: | 2) sru | ::: | LOS < MB < SV, also SV "srû" (fruit) | also "grain", "barley", "corn", "wheat" | [[lexicon:botany|plants]], [[lexicon:food|food]] |
| 56 | **leaf** (botanics) | 1) //pâth// | n | ZB < Valarin "Ibrîniðilpathânezel" (Telperion, "Silver-flower leaf-green"); suitable as merging of LOS (see [2]), SV "gathl" and HORN "pa" < Sumerian | only literal meaning | [[lexicon:botany|plants]] |
| ::: | ::: | 2) gâth | ::: | LOS < MB (also "page", "sheet"), SV "gathl" (leaf, paper, sheet) | also "page" (of book), "sheet" (of paper) | [[lexicon:botany|plants]], [[lexicon:material|materials]] |
| 57 | **root** (botanics) | bugh | n | LOS (root, origin) < MB, SV "bughn" (root, origin, source, beginning) | more literal meaning then in other dialects | [[lexicon:botany|plants]], [[lexicon:food|food]] |
| 58 | **bark** (of tree) | parb* | n | Quenya "parma" | | [[lexicon:botany|plants]], [[lexicon:material|materials]] |
| 59 | flower | lûth* | n | NL < Sindarin "loth", Gnomish "lôs" | also "bloom" | [[lexicon:botany|plants]] |
| 60 | grass | barth* | n | merging SV, all major dialects "bar" (also means "hay" in SV) with Sindarin "parth" (field, sward, enclosed grassland) | | [[lexicon:botany|plants]], [[lexicon:terrain|terrain]] |
^ № ^ English ^ Nûrlâm ^ Part of\\ speech ^ Etymology ^ Comments ^ Categories ^
| 61 | rope | krimp | n | LOS < TK, RI "krimpat" (to bind, tie); see also "tie" (#137) | | [[lexicon:tools|Tools]] |
| 62 | **skin** | daft* | n | melting Gnomish "daf", "dôf", "dauth" | also of fruits and vegetables ("peel", "rind") | [[lexicon:anatomy|anatomy]], [[lexicon:animals|animals]], [[lexicon:botany|plants]], [[lexicon:food|food]] |
| 63 | **meat; flesh** | 1) hrau* | n | Quenya "hroa" (body, flesh, physical form), Sindarin "rhaw" (flesh) | more like "flesh" | [[lexicon:anatomy|anatomy]], [[lexicon:animals|animals]], [[lexicon:material|materials]] |
| ::: | ::: | 2) âps | ::: | LOS Quenya "apsa" (cooked food, meat), Etym. "AP" | more like meal (for cooking) | [[lexicon:anatomy|anatomy]], [[lexicon:animals|animals]], [[lexicon:food|food]] |
| 64 | **blood** | ghor* | n | Sindarin "iûr", "iâr" < Etym. "YAR"; Sindarin "agar"; Primitive Elvish "okhor" | | [[lexicon:anatomy|anatomy]], [[lexicon:physiology|physiology]], [[lexicon:material|materials]] |
| ::: | ::: | shirk* | ::: | DS "sherku", "shirku" < Quenya "sercë", Sindarin "sereg" | ::: | ::: |
| 65 | **bone** | takh* | n | SV "tach" (bone)\\ ? Etym. "TELEK" (stalk, stem, leg), compare with Sindarin "talch" (stem) | may refer to leg (#81) | [[lexicon:anatomy|anatomy]], [[lexicon:material|materials]] |
| 66 | **fat; grease** | tôm* | n | LOS "tûm" (fat, grease, oil) < MB, SV "tû" (fatty, fleshy, flabby); compare with Sindarin "tûg" (fat, thick) < TIW; changed to avoid cognates | may refer to "oil" as in LOS | [[lexicon:anatomy|anatomy]], [[lexicon:material|materials]], [[lexicon:food|food]] |
| 67 | **egg** | fird* | n | merging LOS "fîl" (bird), Hurrian "erade" (bird), Gnomish "uitha" (to lay eggs) with NL "fir-" (to mate) | see #67, #41 | [[lexicon:animals|animals]], [[lexicon:anatomy|anatomy]], [[lexicon:food|food]] |
| 68 | **horn** (e.g. of bull) | ras | n | LOS < Quenya "rasco", "rassë" < Etym. "RAS" | | [[lexicon:animals|animals]], [[lexicon:anatomy|anatomy]], [[lexicon:material|materials]] |
| 69 | **tail** (of animal) | baut* | n | merging Qenya "pint" with LOS "baush" < SV "baushat" < Albanian "pisht" | | [[lexicon:animals|animals]], [[lexicon:anatomy|anatomy]] |
| 70 | **feather** | pozg* | n | NL < Noldorin "pesseg" (pillow), Quenya "quessë" (feather) < Etym. "KWES" (feather) | also "plume" | [[lexicon:animals|animals]], [[lexicon:anatomy|anatomy]], [[lexicon:material|materials]], [[lexicon:armor|armor]] |
^ № ^ English ^ Nûrlâm ^ Part of\\ speech ^ Etymology ^ Comments ^ Categories ^
| 71 | **hair** (of head) | zud* | n | EH "azud" < Valarin "(a)šata" | in Nûrlâm refers to all hairs as a whole | [[lexicon:anatomy|anatomy]] |
| 72 | **head** (anatomy) | kaz* | n | Quenya "cas" | | [[lexicon:anatomy|anatomy]] |
| 73 | **ear** | khlau* | n | merging LOS "khlât" < Quenya "hlar" (hear) with Sindarin "law" (a pair of ears) < Etym. "LAS"[2]; changed to escape ambiguity with verb | see also "hear" (#102) | [[lexicon:anatomy|anatomy]] |
| 74 | **eye** | hont | n | LOS < Quenya "hen(d)" | compare with "see" (#101) | [[lexicon:anatomy|anatomy]] |
| 75 | **nose** | pund | n | merging Hurrian "punhi" with Qenya "penta" with Noldorin "bunn" < Etym. "(M)BUD" | | [[lexicon:anatomy|anatomy]] |
| 76 | **mouth** | pug* | n | NL < LOS, HORN "pu" < Quenya "pé" (lip, mouth) | also "lips" | [[lexicon:anatomy|anatomy]] |
| 77 | **tooth** | 1) glok | n | LOS | not fang or tusk | [[lexicon:anatomy|anatomy]] |
| ::: | ::: | 2) //kug// | n | HORN | ::: | ::: |
| ::: | ::: | 3) //nogh// | n | DS (Moria) < DS (PO) "nakṛ" < Etym. "NAK" (to bite) | ::: | ::: |
| 78 | **tongue** | lâm | n | LOS < Quenya "lambë" | also "language" | [[lexicon:anatomy|anatomy]] |
| 79 | **claw**; (finger)**nail** | glamb* | n | NL < Gnomish "clamp" (grasp, claw), Noldorin "gamp" (hook, claw) < Etym. "GAP" (hook) | | [[lexicon:anatomy|anatomy]] |
| 80 | **foot** | //thul// | n | DS (Isengard) "tʰul" < Quenya "tál", Sindarin "tâl" | also a unit of measure | [[lexicon:anatomy|Anatomy]], [[lexicon:measure|Measure]] |
^ № ^ English ^ Nûrlâm ^ Part of\\ speech ^ Etymology ^ Comments ^ Categories ^
| 81 | leg | pakh* | n | merging Middle-Quenya "pelko" with Gnomish "bachta" | | [[lexicon:anatomy|anatomy]] |
| 82 | **knee** | //okh// | n | SV (BA) < Quenya "occa" | | [[lexicon:anatomy|anatomy]] |
| 83 | **hand** | 1) //bazg// | n | SV (arm, hand) | also "arm" | [[lexicon:anatomy|anatomy]] |
| ::: | ::: | 2) //nalg// | ::: | SV (hand) | also "palm" | ::: |
| 84 | wing | skoir | n | LOS < "skoi-" (to fly) (see #120) | not of building | [[lexicon:anatomy|anatomy]], [[lexicon:animals|animals]] |
| 85 | **belly** (abdomen) | thûn* | n | SV "thlûn", most major dialects,\\ changed according to dialect rules | also "stomach" | [[lexicon:anatomy|anatomy]] |
| 86 | guts | 1) hosh | n | TK, OC "búb-hosh" | in other translation "heap" | [[lexicon:anatomy|anatomy]] |
| ::: | ::: | 2) //khurg// | n | DS | guts, bowels | [[lexicon:anatomy|anatomy]] |
| 87 | **neck** | mâs* | n | NL < LOS "mâsl" < MB | also of bottle, also "throat" | [[lexicon:anatomy|anatomy]] |
| 88 | back (of body) | krûm* | n | NL < LOS "krum",\\ changed according to dialect rules | | [[lexicon:anatomy|anatomy]] |
| 89 | **breast** | nirn* | n | Hurrian "neḫerni" | also "chest" (of body) | [[lexicon:anatomy|anatomy]] |
| 90 | **heart** | tish* | n | NL < Hurrian "tiša", "tiža", "tižna", "tižni" | physical heart (not center, middle) | [[lexicon:anatomy|anatomy]] |
| 91 | **liver** | slârg* | n | merging LOS "slai-" (to live), "sâr" (bitter) and "snâg" (soft, smooth) | | [[lexicon:anatomy|anatomy]] |
^ № ^ English ^ Nûrlâm ^ Part of\\ speech ^ Etymology ^ Comments ^ Categories ^
| 92 | **drink** | 1) akr- | v | LOS | | [[lexicon:food|food]], [[lexicon:physiology|physiology]], [[lexicon:water|water]] |
| ::: | ::: | 2) //shog-// | v | DS < Eldarin "suk-", "sok-" < Etym. "SUK"; compare with English "suck", Russian "sok" (juice), Latin "sugere" (to suck), "succus" (juice); probably common Indo-European word of sound-imitating origin; also "soup", "sip" and many others | ::: | ::: |
| 93 | **eat** | //throkh-// | v | SV < LL "throqu" | to eat, devour, swallow | [[lexicon:food|food]], [[lexicon:physiology|physiology]] |
| 94 | **bite** | nâkh-* | v | Etym. NAK, Sindarin "nag" | | [[lexicon:food|food]], [[lexicon:animals|animals]] |
| 95 | suck | zug-* | v | LOS "zug" (lip) < MB < SV "zugl" (border); LOS, SV, MB "zu-" (to suck); changed according to dialect's rules | | [[lexicon:food|food]], [[lexicon:physiology|physiology]], [[lexicon:water|water]] |
| 96 | spit | pûth-* | v | melting SV "pûshatîg-" with Quenya "piuta-" | | [[lexicon:physiology|physiology]], [[lexicon:water|water]], [[lexicon:sound|sound]] |
| 97 | vomit | hih-* | v | Noldorin "hich" | | [[lexicon:physiology|physiology]], [[lexicon:food|food]] |
| 98 | blow | thûth- | v | Quenya "súta", "susta", "surya", Gnomish "sûtha" < Etym. "THÛ"; see also "sûm" (to breathe, #99) | also about wind | [[lexicon:physiology|physiology]], [[lexicon:weather|weather]] |
| 99 | breathe | sûm-* | v | LOS "sû-" (v), "sûm" (n); changed according to Nûrlâm rules; see also "thûth" (to blow, #98) | | [[lexicon:physiology|physiology]] |
| 100 | laugh | lal-* | v | Quenya "lala-" | | [[lexicon:speech|speech]], [[lexicon:sound|sound]] |
| 101 | **see** | 1) //kin-// | v | DS < Quenya "cen", same Etymology as "hend" above | also "behold" | [[lexicon:senses|senses]] |
| ::: | ::: | 2) hon- | v | LOS (look, see, watch) < Quenya "hend" (eye) | look, see, watch (compare with "eye", #74) | ::: |
| 102 | **hear** | 1) khlâr- | v | LOS < Quenya "hlar-" | compare with #73 (ear) | [[lexicon:senses|senses]] |
| ::: | ::: | 2) koz- | ::: | LOS < HORN | | ::: |
| 103 | **know** | îst- | v | LOS < Quenya "ista" | as in Quenya "Istari" (wizards) | [[lexicon:mind|mind]] |
| ::: | ::: | gol-* | v | TK AO "golug" (Noldor elf) < "ÑGOLOD" (one of the wise folk, Gnome) < "ÑGOL" (wise); compare with CBS & Sindarin "gûl" | means deeper, secret knowledge, wisdom | ::: |
| 104 | think | ûs- | v | LOS < Quenya "ósanwë" (telepathy) | | [[lexicon:mind|mind]] |
| 105 | smell | skûm- | v | LOS | feel odor, use the nose; not "be smelly" | [[lexicon:senses|senses]] |
| 106 | fear | furg-* | v | Quenya "þorya" + LOS "ufur-" < "uf-" (frighten) < TK PN "Ufthak" | fear of smth., not frighten smb. | [[lexicon:mind|mind]], [[lexicon:senses|senses]], [[lexicon:verbs_modal|modal]], [[lexicon:evil|evil]] |
| 107 | **sleep** | lor-* | v | Quenya "olor" (dream) (n) < Etym. "LOS-" | not //dream// | [[lexicon:physiology|physiology]] |
| 108 | live | kîb-* | v | DS (BS) "kîbum" (n), probably from Quenya "cuivië" < Etym. "KUY" (come to life, awake) (see also "kul-", to be) | | [[lexicon:physiology|physiology]] |
| 109 | **die** | 1) mat- | v | EL, all major dialects | more about natural death (like in bed, of aging, etc.) | [[lexicon:physiology|physiology]], [[lexicon:evil|evil]] |
| ::: | ::: | 2) //ghur-// | ::: | DS (Moria) < DS (PO) "gura-", "guru-" < Sindarin "guru" < Etym. "ÑGUR" | | ::: |
| 110 | **kill** | dog-* | v | TK PN "Boldog" (torment-slayer) < Etym. "NDAK" | slay | [[lexicon:evil|evil]] |
^ № ^ English ^ Nûrlâm ^ Part of\\ speech ^ Etymology ^ Comments ^ Categories ^
| 111 | fight | 1) mauk- | v | LOS, probably from [[Elven_languages|Qenya]] "mahtar" (warrior) < Etym. "MAK" | literally, with weapons or fists | [[lexicon:warfare|warfare]], [[lexicon:armor|armor]], [[lexicon:hands|hands]], [[lexicon:evil|evil]] |
| ::: | ::: | 2) //tad-// | v | HORN < MERP "bartas" (brawl) | to face, fight (one on one), battle with, struggle, deal with, meet at battlefield | [[lexicon:warfare|warfare]], [[lexicon:evil|evil]] |
| 112 | hunt | farb-* | v | SV "vorb-" (to hunt, pursuit), "várbatár" (hunter) + Sindarin "farad" (hunter), "faras" (hunt) | | [[lexicon:animals|animals]], [[lexicon:evil|evil]] |
| 113 | hit | grush- | v | LOS, SV, MERP; probably from English "crush" | hit (in face, jaw); punch; strike | [[lexicon:hands|hands]], [[lexicon:rpg|rpg]], [[lexicon:sound|sound]] |
| 114 | cut | 1) grish-* | v | TK PN "Grishnákh", probably from Sindarin "criss" < Etym. "KIRIS" | cut, cleave, slash | [[lexicon:armor|armor]], [[lexicon:hands|hands]], [[lexicon:technology|technology]], [[lexicon:evil|evil]] |
| ::: | ::: | 2) ak- | v | LOS < Quenya "ecet" (short stabbing sword) | eg. with knife, also "to stab" (#116) | [[lexicon:armor|armor]], [[lexicon:hands|hands]], [[lexicon:evil|evil]] |
| 115 | split | sorgh- | v | all major dialects < SV | split, divide, cleave | [[lexicon:technology|technology]], [[lexicon:quantity|quantity]] |
| 116 | stab | ak- | v | LOS < Quenya "ecet" (short stabbing sword) | also "to cut" (#114) | [[lexicon:armor|armor]], [[lexicon:hands|hand]], [[lexicon:evil|evil]] |
| 117 | scratch | shrip-* | v | Etym. "SRIP" | | [[lexicon:hands|hands]] |
| 118 | dig | //rong-// | v | HORN < TK OC "bagronk" | | [[lexicon:building|building]] |
| 119 | **swim** | lunt-* | v | LOS "lunt" (boat) (n) < Quenya "luntë" | to swim, sail, row | [[lexicon:water|water]], [[lexicon:move|motion]], [[lexicon:animals|animals]] |
| 120 | **fly** | skoir-* | v | LOS "skoi-", also noun; LOS "skoir" (wing, #84); changed according to dialect's rules | literally "flap with wings" | [[lexicon:move|motion]], [[lexicon:animals|animals]], [[lexicon:technology|technology]] |
^ № ^ English ^ Nûrlâm ^ Part of\\ speech ^ Etymology ^ Comments ^ Categories ^
| 121 | **walk** | ukh- | v | LOS | go, walk (unfinished or continuous action) | [[lexicon:move|motion]] |
| 122 | **come** | skât- | v | LOS | finished action; in Nûrlâm also "arrive" | [[lexicon:move|motion]] |
| 123 | **lie** (on side, in bed); recline | kât- | v | LOS (lie down) < Quenya "caita" | | [[lexicon:verbs|Verbs]] |
| 124 | **sit** | duz- | v | LOS < HORN | | [[lexicon:verbs|Verbs]] |
| 125 | **stand** (upright, be erected) | bin-* | v | Etym. "MINI" (stand alone) | | [[lexicon:verbs|Verbs]] |
| 126 | turn | kurg-* | v | merging Quenya "quer" (to turn) with LOS "rag-" < SV and with Quenya "corna" (round) < Etym. "KOR"; similarity with Russian "krug" is accidental | compare with "round" (#190) | [[lexicon:move|motion]], [[lexicon:direction|directions]], [[lexicon:technology|technology]] |
| 127 | fall | 1) lûmp- | v | LOS | also morally | [[lexicon:move|motion]], [[lexicon:mind|mind]], [[lexicon:quality|quality]], [[lexicon:evil|evil]] |
| ::: | ::: | 2) //zad-// | v | DS; coincidentally related to MERP "zaduk-", ZA "zâdûk-" (to destroy) < probably SV "sadáuk" (attack, assault) | also about buildings and war (e.g. "garrison has fallen", "city has fallen") | [[lexicon:move|motion]], [[lexicon:warfare|warfare]] |
| 128 | **give** | throg-* | v | NL < merging TK, RI "thrakat" (to bring) with Qenya "toqo-" (to yield, give, bring forth, bear) (mostly about childbirth and harvest) | to give, grant, yield, tribute, make gift, bestow, endow, indue | [[lexicon:hands|hands]], [[lexicon:ownership|ownership]] |
| 129 | hold | 1) fîth- | v | LOS | incl. military | [[lexicon:hands|hands]], [[lexicon:ownership|ownership]], [[lexicon:warfare|warfare]] |
| ::: | ::: | 2) unr- | ::: | LOS, HORN | only literally | [[lexicon:hands|hands]], [[lexicon:ownership|ownership]] |
| 130 | squeeze | sang-* | v | Quenya "sanga" (crowd, press, throng)(n), "sangië" (necessity, pressure, tribulation) | press, weigh down, squeeze | [[lexicon:technology|technology]], [[lexicon:hands|hands]] |
^ № ^ English ^ Nûrlâm ^ Part of\\ speech ^ Etymology ^ Comments ^ Categories ^
| 131 | rub | krûf- | v | LOS < SV, MB "krûv-" (to rub, polish, file) | | [[lexicon:hands|hands]], [[lexicon:technology|technology]] |
| 132 | wash | yol-* | v | Sindarin "iôl" | clean with water | [[lexicon:water|water]], [[lexicon:hands|hands]], [[lexicon:food|food]] |
| 133 | wipe | thig-* | v | LOS "thag-" < SV; changed to avoid ambiguity with HORN ("ten") and DS ("more"); compare with Gnomish "thisc" (adj), "thista-" (v) | dry out, wipe; refers to dry cleaning; compare with "dry" (#195) | [[lexicon:verbs|Verbs]], [[lexicon:hands|hands]] |
| 134 | pull | sûh-* | v | DS (Moria) "sû" < DS (PO) "tugu" < Middle-Quenya "tuk-" (to draw, pull behind) | pull, drag, draw (incl. a weapon) | [[lexicon:hands|hands]], [[lexicon:armor|armor]], [[lexicon:move|motion]] |
| 135 | push | hât-* | v | SV "hashat" (spear) + LOS, SV "shatîg-" (to press, push, weigh down), probably from Quenya "sahtië" (pressure, forcing) | also may mean "to poke", "to thrust", "to jab" | [[lexicon:hands|hands]], [[lexicon:armor|armor]], [[lexicon:move|motion]] |
| 136 | throw | af- | v | LOS | cast, throw, toss | [[lexicon:hands|hands]], [[lexicon:ownership|ownership]], [[lexicon:rpg|rpg]], [[lexicon:armor|armor]] |
| 137 | tie | krimp- | v | TK, RI (to bind); see also "rope" (#61) | to bind, tie | [[lexicon:hands|hands]], [[lexicon:ownership|ownership]] |
| 138 | sew (clothes) | hluth-* | v | LOS "hlu-" < MB < SV (to stick, knit); changed according to Nûrlâm rules; compare also with LOS "hluth" (flag, banner) and SV "hluthrum" (cloth) | to sew, stitch | [[lexicon:cloth|cloth]], [[lexicon:technology|technology]], [[lexicon:hands|hands]] |
| 139 | count (numbers) | ont-* | v | Quenya "onot-" | | [[lexicon:quantity|quantity]] |
| 140 | **say** | gashn- | v | LOS, probably from Valarin "akašân" = "he (Eru) says" | to speak, say, tell; do not mix with "ghâsh-" (to burn) | [[lexicon:speech|speech]], [[lexicon:verbs_modal|modal]] |
| 141 | sing | lash- | v | LOS (LUG), HORN < SV "aklash" (music) | | [[lexicon:speech|speech]], [[lexicon:sound|sound]] |
| 142 | play | tail- | v | LOS < MB, SV < Quenya "tyal-" | play, exercise, practice, train | [[lexicon:verbs|verbs]], [[lexicon:rpg|rpg]], [[lexicon:warfare|warfare]] |
| 143 | float | gump-* | v | SV "gûm-" (to fly) | | [[lexicon:water|water]], [[lexicon:move|motion]] |
| 144 | flow | sir-* | v | Quenya "sírë" | see also "river" (#152) | [[lexicon:water|water]], [[lexicon:move|motion]] |
| 145 | freeze | gogh-* | v | Sindarin "gochel" (a mass of ice) < Etym. "KHEL" | see also "ice" (#165) | [[lexicon:water|water]], [[lexicon:weather|weather]], [[lexicon:food|food]] |
| 146 | swell | folg-* | v | NL < Gnomish "polc" (fat) < Primitive Elvish "PULU" (to swell) | to swell, bloat | [[lexicon:verbs|Verbs]] |
^ № ^ English ^ Nûrlâm ^ Part of\\ speech ^ Etymology ^ Comments ^ Categories ^
| 147 | **sun** | //ûzh// | n | DS (Moria) < Quenya "úrë" (heat) < Etym. "UR" (be hot), Valarin "urus"; see also "fire" (#167, 2) | some languages have numerous epithetic names of the Sun | [[lexicon:cosmic|cosmic]], [[lexicon:weather|weather]], [[lexicon:fire|fire]] |
| 148 | **moon** | //shil// | n | SV, HG (only "month"); probably from Quenya "isil", "sil", "silm", Sindarin "ithil" (moon) | moon, month | [[lexicon:cosmic|cosmic]], [[lexicon:time|time]] |
| 149 | **star** | ilz | n | LOS < Quenya "elen" | | [[lexicon:cosmic|cosmic]], [[lexicon:fire|fire]] |
| 150 | **water** | nîn | n | LOS < Quenya "nén" | | [[lexicon:water|water]], [[lexicon:terrain|terrain]], [[lexicon:material|material]], [[lexicon:food|food]] |
| 151 | **rain** | miz* | n | Quenya "mistë" | see also "wet" (#194) | [[lexicon:weather|weather]], [[lexicon:water|water]] |
| 152 | river | sîr* | n | Quenya "sírë" | see also "to flow" (#144) | [[lexicon:water|water]], [[lexicon:terrain|terrain]] |
| 153 | lake | 1) rink* | n | TK, OC "ronk" + Quenya "ringwë" = "cold pool or lake (in mountains)" < Etym. "RINGI" (cold) | | [[lexicon:water|water]], [[lexicon:terrain|terrain]] |
| ::: | ::: | 2) ain* | ::: | Quenya "ailo", "ailin" (lake, pool) | ::: | ::: |
| 154 | sea | kârsh* | n | NL, merging Quenya "Ekkaia" (outer sea), probably from Quenya "ëar", Sindarin "gaear" with Hurrian "kiaše" | sea, ocean |[[lexicon:water|water]], [[lexicon:terrain|terrain]] |
| 155 | salt | kaish | n | NL < Hurrian "kiaše" (sea) | | [[lexicon:material|materials]], [[lexicon:food|food]], [[lexicon:water|water]] |
^ № ^ English ^ Nûrlâm ^ Part of\\ speech ^ Etymology ^ Comments ^ Categories ^
| 156 | **stone** | gund | n | EL, all major dialects < Sindarin "Gondor" (Stone Land), Gondolin < Etym. "GOND" | | [[lexicon:material|materials]], [[lexicon:terrain|terrain]] |
| 157 | **sand** | tus* | n | Qenya "tyusse" | | [[lexicon:material|materials]], [[lexicon:terrain|terrain]] |
| 158 | dust | 1) maul* | n | Quenya "malo" (pollen) < Etym. "SMAL" (pollen, powder, flour) | dust, powder, pollen | [[lexicon:material|materials]], [[lexicon:terrain|terrain]], [[lexicon:botany|plants]] |
| ::: | ::: | 2) hîsht | ::: | LOS < SV | ash (#168), dust | [[lexicon:material|materials]], [[lexicon:terrain|terrain]] |
| 159 | **earth** (soil, ground) | ghâmp | n | LOS; compare with Etym. "KEM" (soil) | earth, soil, ground | [[lexicon:terrain|terrain]], [[lexicon:material|materials]] |
| 160 | **cloud** | shust* | n | Khuzdul "shathûr" + Gnomish "ust" | | [[lexicon:weather|weather]], [[lexicon:water|water]] |
| 161 | fog | hizg* | n | Quenya "hiswë" | fog, mist, haze | [[lexicon:weather|weather]], [[lexicon:water|water]] |
| 162 | sky | 1) nût | n | EL, all major dialects | | [[lexicon:cosmic|cosmic]], [[lexicon:weather|weather]] |
| ::: | ::: | 2) khîl* | n | DS "kʰīm" (Isengard), "kilm" (Mordor) < Proto-Orkish "kilmi" < Gnomish "climli" (heaven, sky), Adûnaic "gimli" (star) < Etym. "ƷEL" + MERP "kîl" < Albanian "qiell" | ::: | ::: |
| 163 | wind | zûl* | n | Sindarin "sûl" | | [[lexicon:weather|weather]] |
| 164 | snow | 1) fau* | n | Gnomish "fô", Qenya "fáwe" (n), "fauta-" (v) | | [[lexicon:weather|weather]], [[lexicon:water|water]], [[lexicon:terrain|terrain]] |
| ::: | ::: | 2) shrish* | ::: | Etym. "SRIS", "SRITH" | ::: | ::: |
| 165 | ice | gogh* | n | Sindarin "gochel" < Etym. "KHEL" | see also "freeze" (#145) | [[lexicon:water|water]], [[lexicon:weather|weather]], [[lexicon:terrain|terrain]], [[lexicon:material|materials]], [[lexicon:food|food]] |
| 166 | **smoke** | 1) bhraf | n | LOS < MB "bhrev" | | [[lexicon:fire|fire]] |
| ::: | ::: | 2) //trim// | ::: | SV | smoke, fume | ::: |
| 167 | **fire** | 1) ghâsh | n | TK, CBS, probably from Valarin "igas" (heat) | fire, flame | [[lexicon:fire|fire]] |
| ::: | ::: | 2) urush* | ::: | Valarin "urus", Etym. "UR-" | ::: | ::: |
| 168 | **ash**, ashes | hîsht | n | LOS < SV | see also "dust" (#158, 2) | [[lexicon:fire|fire]] |
| 169 | **burn** | ghâsh- | v | LL < TK, all major dialects | see also "fire" (#167) | [[lexicon:fire|fire]], [[lexicon:evil|evil]] |
| 170 | **road; path; trail** | 1) mûl | n | LOS < Quenya "malle" | also "way" | [[lexicon:terrain|terrain]], [[lexicon:direction|directions]] |
| ::: | ::: | 2) //mong// | ::: | DS | | ::: |
| 171 | **mountain** | 1) urun* | n | Quenya "oron" < "ÓROT" | | [[lexicon:terrain|terrain]] |
| ::: | ::: | 2) rod* | ::: | TK PN "Othrod", probably from Etym. "ÓROT", compare with Sindarin "__Orod__ruin" | ::: | ::: |
| ::: | ::: | 3) urbh | ::: | LOS < HORN | also "pile" | [[lexicon:terrain|terrain]], [[lexicon:quantity|quantity]] |
^ № ^ English ^ Nûrlâm ^ Part of\\ speech ^ Etymology ^ Comments ^ Categories ^
| 172 | **red** | karn | adj | LOS < Quenya "carnë" | | [[lexicon:color|colors]] |
| 173 | **green** | ûzûl* | adj | LOS "uzul" < Vanyarin Quenya, Valarin "ezel" < "Ezellôchâr" (green mound); changed to escape ambiguity with verb's suffixes of 3rd person plural, past tense | | [[lexicon:color|colors]] |
| 174 | **yellow** | 1) snâl* | adj | LOS "mâl" < Quenya "malina" < Etym. "SMAL", changed to escape ambiguity with other dialects | | [[lexicon:color|colors]] |
| ::: | ::: | 2) //tulkh// | adj | ZB < Valarin "tulukh" < Tulukhastâz (Tulkas, golden-haired) | yellow, golden | ::: |
| 175 | **white** | nink | adj | LOS < Quenya "ninquë" < Etym. "NIK-W" | | [[lexicon:color|colors]] |
| 176 | **black** | mor | adj | LOS < Sindarin "mor(n)", Noldorin "maur" (gloom) < Etym. "MOR" (black) | this translation comes from Sindarin, but more "Orcish" translation was probably "dark" (however this translation was abandoned) | [[lexicon:color|colors]], [[lexicon:evil|evil]] |
| 177 | **night** | fugh* | n | Gnomish "fuʒu", "fui" | | [[lexicon:time|time]], [[lexicon:fire|fire]] |
| 178 | day | ârsh | n | LOS, probably from Etym. "AR"[1], compare with Quenya "arië" (daytime), "árë" (daylight), "aurë" (day, daylight) | | [[lexicon:time|time]], [[lexicon:fire|fire]] |
| 179 | year | ûzhraug* | n | DS "ûzh" (Sun, #147), HG "raug" (round) | literally "sun cycle" | [[lexicon:time|time]], [[lexicon:cosmic|cosmic]] |
| 180 | **warm; hot** (weather) | 1) khâshûrz* | adj | "khâsh" (warmth) (n) < TK "ghâsh" (fire, #167) | warm | [[lexicon:senses|senses]], [[lexicon:weather|weather]], [[lexicon:fire|fire]] |
| ::: | ::: | 2) gashûrz* | ::: | "gash" (heat) (n) < SV "gash-" (to burn) < TK "ghâsh" (fire, #167) | hot | ::: |
| 181 | **cold** (weather) | graz | adj | LOS < SV | cold, cool, chill; may refer to raw food | [[lexicon:senses|senses]], [[lexicon:weather|weather]], [[lexicon:food|food]] |
^ № ^ English ^ Nûrlâm ^ Part of\\ speech ^ Etymology ^ Comments ^ Categories ^
| 182 | **full** | gûk* | adj | melting of LOS < SV "gûk-" (to fill, pour), TK suffix "-ûk" (all) and LOS "ghûk" (complete, entire) < SV (adv) | | [[lexicon:adjectives|Adjectives]] |
| 183 | **new** | 1) fîn | adj | LOS < Quenya "vinya" | | [[lexicon:time|time]] |
| ::: | ::: | 2) ûn | adj | LOS < HORN | ::: | ::: |
| ::: | ::: | 3) //gin// | adj | DS, probably from Etym. "GWEN" (fresh) which gives the same Quenya word "vinya" as variant 1 | also "fresh" | [[lexicon:time|time]], [[lexicon:quality|quality]], [[lexicon:food|food]] |
| 184 | old | kû | adj | TK "sharkû" ("old man", orcish nickname of Saruman) | | [[lexicon:time|time]] |
| 185 | **good** | 1) bhog | adj | LOS (LUG) < HORN < Latin "bono" | | [[lexicon:quality|quality]] |
| ::: | ::: | 2) nîr* | ::: | NL, Hurrian "niri" + SV "mîr" < Albanian | good, kind, nice, pretty, pleasant, enjoyable, lovely, beautiful | ::: |
| 186 | bad | fik | adj | LOS < Quenya "feg" | | [[lexicon:quality|quality]], [[lexicon:evil|evil]] |
| 187 | rotten | nirgûrz* | adj | "nirg-" (to rot) (v) < Qenya "narqa-" (fade, wither), Gnomish "narcos" + NL "nir" (good) | | [[lexicon:food|food]], [[lexicon:physiology|physiology]], [[lexicon:evil|evil]] |
| 188 | dirty | dug* | adj | "filth" (n) < TK OC "pushdug" (stinking or dung-filth) + HORN "dûg" (horrible, rotten, sour) < Sumerian "dug" (to be good, sweet) | dirty, filthy | [[lexicon:terrain|terrain]], [[lexicon:curses|curses]] |
| 189 | straight | 1) tîr | adv | LOS | right (into), straight (into); points to direction, used with nouns in Illative | [[lexicon:direction|directions]] |
| ::: | ::: | 2) ruzg* | adj | HORN "ruzag" (straight) | honest, straight, absolute | [[lexicon:quality|quality]] |
| 190 | **round** | //raug// | adj | HORN < LOS "rag" (round) (n) < SV "rag-"; compare with Etym. "RAG" | | [[lexicon:adjectives|adjectives]] |
| 191 | sharp | dulgûrz | adj | LOS < HORN | | [[lexicon:armor|armor]], [[lexicon:tools|tools]], [[lexicon:senses|senses]] |
| 192 | dull | drag* | adj | LOS "darg" < SV "darga" (club), changed to avoid ambiguity with verb "to send" | blunt, dull (about weapon); compare with "round" (#190) | [[lexicon:armor|armor]], [[lexicon:tools|tools]], [[lexicon:senses|senses]] |
| 193 | smooth | pâz* | adj | Quenya "pasta" < Etym. "PATH" | not harsh | [[lexicon:senses|senses]] |
| 194 | wet | mizg* | adj | Etym. MIZD, Quenya "mistë" (rain, #151) | | [[lexicon:weather|weather]], [[lexicon:water|water]], [[lexicon:terrain|terrain]], [[lexicon:senses|senses]], [[lexicon:cloth|cloth]] |
| 195 | **dry** | thizg* | adj | LOS "thag" < SV; changed to avoid ambiguity with HORN ("ten") and DS ("more"); compare with Gnomish "thisc" | compare with "to wipe" (#133) | [[lexicon:weather|weather]], [[lexicon:water|water]], [[lexicon:terrain|terrain]], [[lexicon:senses|senses]], [[lexicon:cloth|cloth]] |
| 196 | right (correct) | than* | adj | Sindarin "thand", Noldorin "thenid", Quenya "sanda" < Etym. "STAN" (firm, fix, decide, true, regular) | right, correct, proper, fair, regular | [[lexicon:quality|quality]], [[lexicon:mind|mind]] |
^ № ^ English ^ Nûrlâm ^ Part of\\ speech ^ Etymology ^ Comments ^ Categories ^
| 197 | near | mush | postp | LOS (nearly) < MB < SV "mûsh" (close, next to, near, at) | near, next (to); used with nouns in Allative; add //-arz// suffix to transform into adverb; add //-ûrz// suffix to transform into adjective | [[lexicon:measure|measure]] |
| 198 | far | //baub// | postp | HORN | far (from); used with nouns in Ablative; add //-arz// suffix to transform into adverb; add //-ûrz// suffix to transform into adjective | [[lexicon:measure|measure]], [[lexicon:direction|directions]] |
| 199 | right (side) | forg* | adj | Quenya "forya" (dexter) < Etym. "PHOR" (right hand) | add //-arz// suffix to transform into adverb; add suffix //-um// or //-urm// to transform into noun | [[lexicon:direction|directions]] |
| 200 | left (side) | farkh | adj | LOS < SV | add //-arz// suffix to transform into adverb; add suffix //-um// or //-urm// to transform into noun | [[lexicon:direction|directions]] |
| 201 | at | 1) or | postp | LOS | at, in; Inessive case suffix, static presence, only about space in Nûrlâm | [[lexicon:auxiliary|auxiliary]], [[lexicon:measure|measure]], [[lexicon:direction|directions]], [[adpositions|adpositions]], [[clitics|clitic]] |
| ::: | ::: | 2) shi | prep | LOS | at (time); only about time in Standard Nûrlâm, may refer to place in colloquial speech | [[lexicon:auxiliary|auxiliary]], [[lexicon:measure|measure]], [[lexicon:direction|directions]], [[adpositions|adpositions]] |
| 202 | in | ishi | postp | TK, RI < probably Quenya locative case ending ”-ssë” | into, inwards, inside, within; Illative case suffix, denotes motion inside place, object or static presence inside one place | [[lexicon:auxiliary|auxiliary]], [[lexicon:measure|measure]], [[lexicon:direction|directions]], [[adpositions|adpositions]], [[clitics|clitic]] |
| 203 | with | sha | postp | TK, OC | (together) with; Comitative case suffix; marks collaborative action | [[lexicon:auxiliary|auxiliary]], [[adpositions|adpositions]], [[clitics|clitic]] |
| 204 | and | agh | conj | TK, RI | | [[lexicon:auxiliary|Auxiliary]] |
| 205 | if | ghung | conj | LOS < SV | | [[lexicon:auxiliary|Auxiliary]] |
| 206 | because | taitaga* | pastp | NL "tait-" (to cause), merging Gnomish "caith" and Quenya "tyar-" < Etym. "KYAR" (do, make, cause); compare with LOS "tûr-" with same etymology | past passive participle "caused" used in adjectival phrase, which is an archaic way to express | [[lexicon:auxiliary|Auxiliary]] |
| 207 | **name** | 1) îz* | n | Quenya "essë" | | [[lexicon:people|people]] |
| ::: | ::: | 2) //yaz// | ::: | DS < Quenya "essë" | also verb | ::: |
check translations
\\ check categories
---------------------------------------------
===== Swadesh 100 words list =====
Short list is given without detailed information. If there are synonyms, preferred variant is chosen for this table.
^ № ^ English ^ Nûrlâm ^ Swadesh 200 № ^ ^ № ^ English ^ Nûrlâm ^ Swadesh 200 № ^
| **1** | I | da | 1 | | **51** | breast | nirn | 89 |
| **2** | you | fi (sing.) | 2 | ::: | **52** | heart | tish | 90 |
| **3** | we | dak | 4 | ::: | **53** | liver | slârg | 91 |
| **4** | this | za | 7 | ::: | **54** | drink (v) | akr | 92 |
| **5** | that | zîg | 8 | ::: | **55** | eat | throkh | 93 |
| **6** | who | mai | 11 | ::: | **56** | bite | nâkh | 94 |
| **7** | what | mash | 12 | ::: | **57** | see | kin | 101 |
| **8** | not | nar | 16 | ::: | **58** | hear | khlâr | 102 |
| **9** | all | ûk | 17 | ::: | **59** | know | îst | 103 |
| **10** | many | mak | 18 | ::: | **60** | sleep (v) | lor | 107 |
| **11** | one | ash | 22 | ::: | **61** | die | mat | 109 |
| **12** | two | krul | 23 | ::: | **62** | kill (v) | dog | 110 |
| **13** | big | dau | 27 | ::: | **63** | swim | lunt | 119 |
| **14** | long | rodh | 28 | ::: | **64** | fly (v) | skoir | 120 |
| **15** | small | mik | 32 | ::: | **65** | walk (v) | ukh | 121 |
| **16** | woman | -niz | 36 | ::: | **66** | come | skât | 122 |
| **17** | man, male | nor | 37 | ::: | **67** | lie, recline | kât | 123 |
| **18** | person | shra | 38 | ::: | **68** | sit (v) | duz | 124 |
| **19** | fish | skab | 45 | ::: | **69** | stand (v) | bin | 125 |
| **20** | bird | aig | 46 | ::: | **70** | give | throg | 128 |
| **21** | dog | hunk | 47 | ::: | **71** | say | gashn | 140 |
| **22** | louse | abh | 48 | ::: | **72** | sun | ûzh | 147 |
| **23** | tree | orn | 51 | ::: | **73** | moon | shil | 148 |
| **24** | seed | blûz | 55 | ::: | **74** | star | ilz | 149 |
| **25** | leaf | pâth | 56 | ::: | **75** | water | nîn | 150 |
^ № ^ English ^ Nûrlâm ^ Swadesh 200 № | ::: ^ № ^ English ^ Nûrlâm ^ Swadesh 200 № ^
| **26** | root | bugh | 57 | ::: | **76** | rain (n) | miz | 151 |
| **27** | bark (of tree) | parb | 58 | ::: | **77** | stone | gund | 156 |
| **28** | skin | daft | 62 | ::: | **78** | sand | tus | 157 |
| **29** | flesh, meat | hrau | 63 | ::: | **79** | earth, soil | ghâmp | 159 |
| **30** | blood | ghor | 64 | ::: | **80** | cloud | shust | 160 |
| **31** | bone | takh | 65 | ::: | **81** | smoke | bhraf | 166 |
| **32** | grease, fat | tôm | 66 | ::: | **82** | fire | ghâsh | 167 |
| **33** | egg | fird | 67 | ::: | **83** | ash(es) | hîsht | 168 |
| **34** | horn | ras | 68 | ::: | **84** | burn (v) | ghâsh | 169 |
| **35** | tail | baut | 69 | ::: | **85** | path | mûl | 170 |
| **36** | feather | pozg | 70 | ::: | **86** | mountain | rod | 171 |
| **37** | hair | zud | 71 | ::: | **87** | red | karn | 172 |
| **38** | head | kaz | 72 | ::: | **88** | green | ûzûl | 173 |
| **39** | ear | khlau | 73 | ::: | **89** | yellow | snâl | 174 |
| **40** | eye | hont | 74 | ::: | **90** | white | nink | 175 |
| **41** | nose | pund | 75 | ::: | **91** | black | mor | 176 |
| **42** | mouth | pug | 76 | ::: | **92** | night (n) | fugh | 177 |
| **43** | tooth | nogh | 77 | ::: | **93** | hot | gashûrz | 180 |
| **44** | tongue | lâm | 78 | ::: | **94** | cold | graz | 181 |
| **45** | claw | glamb | 79 | ::: | **95** | full | gûk | 182 |
| **46** | foot | thul | 80 | ::: | **96** | new | fîn | 183 |
| **47** | knee | okh | 82 | ::: | **97** | good | bhog | 185 |
| **48** | hand | bazg | 83 | ::: | **98** | round (adj) | raug | 190 |
| **49** | belly | thûn | 85 | ::: | **99** | dry (adj) | thizg | 195 |
| **50** | neck | mâs | 87 | ::: | **100** | name | îz | 207 |
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