====== Verbs: past tense. More adverbs ======
It's hard to express thoughts using only [[lessons:verbs_1|present tense]] of the verbs. You need past tense to talk about things that already happened. To put the verb into the past tense, the suffix **//-uz-//** should be inserted between word's root and 3rd person ending. For example:

^ Verb form ^ English ^ Nûrlâm ^
^ Imperative | Come! | Skât! |
^ Present    | An orc is coming | Ash uruk skat//â// |
^ Past       | An orc came | Ash uruk skat**__uz__**//â// |

---------------------
===== New words =====
  * ak (to stab)
  * farb (to chase, hunt)
  * ghur (to die)
  * grush (to hit, strike, punch)
  * kramp (to do, make)
  * lal (to laugh)
  * lûmp (to fall)
  * rong (to dig)
  * ronk (pit, pool)

Some adverbs may be helpful in describing the past:
  * dok (already, before, previously)
  * nokhar (again)
  * ûn (new) => ûnarz (just, recently)

Past tense in Nûrlâm also substitutes English Present Perfect tense (actions that already happened but in the still lasting time interval). Example: "The dwarf has just fallen" should be translated as "Gazatum lûmp**__uz__**â ûnarz" (you don't translate "have/has").

----------------------
===== Exercise 1 =====
Translate into Nûrlâm:
  - demons made some sorcery again
  - filthy dwarves heard this
  - four dragons escaped
  - orcs hunted the elves
  - shit stank
  - the bee made a new pile
  - the pain stopped
  - the slayer stabbed the slave
  - the strong warrior stroke the fat troll
  - this human already died

<hidden show answers>
  - rog krampuzû mûd dush nokhar
  - dug gazat khlâruzû za / gazat dug khlâruzû za
  - hant lûg irzuzû
  - uruk farbuzû za golug
  - push pushduzâ
  - noim krampuzâ ash ûn tub / noim krampuzâ ash tubûn
  - hrizgum puzguzâ
  - dogum akuzâ snagam
  - bolg mauhum grushuzâ tûrz ologum / maubolgum grushuzâ ologtûrzum
  - za tark ghuruzâ dok
</hidden>

----------------------
===== Exercise 2 =====
Translate from Nûrlâm:
  - agh burzum lûmpuzâ
  - golug shoguzû saubumûk
  - golugûrz mau skâtuzû lad
  - graz nîn ugluzâ krig nazgûl
  - lagum grishuzâ za hrau
  - ologum laluzâ
  - rogum ronguzâ ash ronk
  - tug ghor thrakuzâ mik zrî
  - uruk ghâshuzû nîr goim
  - ûzûl uruk throkhuzâ karn âps ûnarz

<hidden show answers>
  - and the darkness fell
  - elves drank all the juice
  - elvish warriors came late
  - cold water frightened three Nazgûl
  - the sword cut the flesh
  - the troll laughed
  - the demon dug a pit
  - only blood brought a little joy
  - orcs burned the beautiful city
  - green orc has just eaten red meat / green orc was eating red meat recently
</hidden>

--------------------
===== See also =====
  * [[:lessons|All lessons]]
  * [[lessons:commands|Lesson "Verbs: commands and imperatives"]]
  * [[lessons:verbs_1|Lesson "Verbs: present tense, 3rd person endings. Simple sentences"]]
  * [[lessons:aspects|Lesson "Verbs: aspects"]]
  * [[[[:grammar_verb|Grammar of verbs]]