**WARNING: This article is not finished** \\ Expand the article \\ revisit formation of some modalities \\ probably combine some modalities ====== Mood and Modality ====== **//Modality//** express speaker/writer's attitude to the sentence they describe. Special grammatical forms for modalities are called **//mood//**. While there are few special grammatical forms, many other modalities are distinguished by [[syntax]] and lexicon (using different //[[modal verbs]]// and certain expressions). Despite some modalities are usually combined with only one specific tense, they should be distinguished from [[grammar_tense|tense]] and [[grammar_aspect|aspect]], as they do not carry such information per se. ===== Grammatical Moods ===== There are four special grammatical forms in [[Nûrlâm]] four various moods: Declarative (also Indicative, or Realis, abbreviated REAL), Jussive (JUS) or Imperative (IMP), Subjunctive (SJV), Interrogative (INT). In modern linguistics future tenses are counted as various moods (dynamic, eventive, predictive and some others), not as proper tenses, so this may be added too. However in this wiki traditional classification is used because future marker //-ub// goes in the same slot as past tense suffix, while moods are expressed by syntax or prefixes. ==== Realis mood ==== **//[[mood_indicative|Indicative mood]]//** is used in majority of sentences. Articles about verb's grammar usually touch only this mood. ==== Imperative and Jussive moods ==== **//[[mood_imperative|Imperative mood]]//** is the dictionary form of verbs. Thus just verb's root. Sometimes it may be called "bare infinitive", but this term differs from English in usage. Imperative may take object pronoun ending but not subject pronoun prefix. ==== Subjunctive ==== **//[[mood_subjunctive|Subjunctive mood]]//** (abbreviated as SJV) is used to express various epistemic and desiderative moods. It is formed by adding suffix //-ulg// in place of suffixes of tense. Third person suffixes (â/û) are not used with Subjunctive. In [[syntax_analytic|analytic]] form of colloquial speech auxiliary verb //kulg// placed before main verb in Past tense or other modal verb in past tense together with //kulg// and main verb in infinitive. In analogy with English and because of similarity of adjacent consonants, "I would..." = "I'd ..." in colloquial analytical Nûrlâm is often shortened to "Izg'ulg ..." instead of "Izg kulg...". ==== Interrogative mood ==== **//[[mood_interrogative|Interrogative mood]]//** is used to make questions. In Nûrlâm it has special prefix //mar-//. May be used as standalone word in certain situations. Abbreviated as INT. ===== Types of Modality ===== The are two sets of modality: Realis and Irrealis. * Realis * Indicative (declarative) mood * Mirative mood (action is absolutely real, but speaker is surprised; may express irony): "Wow, he can fight!", "Wow, it speaks!" * Irrealis * Deontic (what should be) * Comissive (promises, threats) * Directive (commands, requests) * Volitive (wish, desire) * Necessitative mood (must, should, have to) * Epistemic (what may be) * Inferential/Oblique mood (real but not confirmed) * Potential mood (highly probable) * Presumptive mood (make assumption/presumption that event is real) * Assumptive/Deductive/Dubitative mood (must be, various degree of probability) * Speculative mood (assumption without any logic) * Hypothetical mood (already could/should (not) done) * Interrogative mood (questions) * Subjunctive/Conjunctive * Dynamic (ability under internal circumstances, can/will) * Dependent circumstances * Conditional mood * Eventive mood Some moods can be applied together to one verb, specially interrogative with other irrealis, or eventive mood being a combination of conditional and potential. Many modalities overlap with each other or smoothly transit from one into another. ---------------------------------------- ===== Chart of irrealis verb forms ===== ^ Modality ^ Description ^ Verb forms ^^^ Examples ^ ^ ::: ^ ::: ^ Modal ^ Main ^ in dependent/\\ conditional clause ^ ::: ^ ^ Deontic (what should be ) |||||| | Comissive | promises and vows | - | FUT | - | I shall help you = Dabhok__ub__ fizûr | | ::: | ::: | ::: | any + INF | - | I have sworn to find the ring = Dagazduz gimb__ut__ nazgum | | ::: | ::: | ::: | PRES | FUT | I will find the ring, I promise you = Dagimb__ub__ nazgum dafad fizûr | | ::: | threats | ::: | FUT | - | I will kill you! = Dadog__ub__am | | ::: | ::: | ::: | ::: | ::: | You will eat your own guts! = Fithrokh__ub__ hosh îmob | | Directive (commands, requests) |||||| | [[mood_imperative|Imperative]] | order, command, prohibition to 2nd person | - | IMP | - | Come! = Skât! | | ::: | ::: | ::: | ::: | ::: | Do not touch it! = Nargrauran | | Hortative | encouragement or invitation to 2nd person (adhortative / dehortative) | gâkh.IMP / ilf.IMP (may) | INF | any | You might go with us, it will be fun! = __Gâkh__ fizûr ukh__ut__ daksha, kub glaz!((Please note transformation into impersonal sentence by putting "you" = "fi" into dative case)) | | ::: | Demanding, tenacious request (exhortative / inhortative)((may cognate with Necessitative modality, see below)). | maug.IMP (must, ought to, have to, shall, should) | INF | any | You should really go to that place! = __Maug__ ukh__ut__ fizûr zîginu | | ::: | plea of absolute urgency (suprahortative / infrahortative)((may cognate with Imperative, see above)) | | IMP | any | Please help us! We are dying! = Bhok dakûr dahas! Dakmatrad! ((lit. "Help to us, I plead! We are dying now!")) | | ::: | encourage or discourage targeted person(s) to do something together with the speaker (cohortative, propositive), usually starts with //gâkh// ("let's", "let us"): | | | | | | ::: | encouragement for regular action | gâkh.IMP | INF | | Let's go! = __Gâkh__ ukh__ut__! | | ::: | for future one-time action | ::: | GERV | | Let's go! = __Gâkh__ __dak__ukh__at__! | | ::: | ::: | ::: | 3PL=FUT | | Let's go! = __Gâkh__ __dak__ukh__ub__! | | Jussive | order to 2nd person to allow, permit or forbid 3rd person to do something | dabh.IMP=3.OBJ ("let") | INF | - | Let him come in = __Dabhan__ shisk__ut__ | | ::: | ::: | gâkh.IMP | | 3=FUT | = "__Gâkh__ __ta__shisk__ub__" = lit. "Let's he will enter" | | Precative | polite request, similar to Jussive but allowance for 1st person (speaker) instead of 3rd person | dabh.IMP=1.OBJ (let) | INF | - | Let us come in (please) = __Dabhak__ shisk__ut__ (dahas) | | ::: | ::: | ::: | ::: | ::: | Let me interrupt you = __Dabhiz__ rishot__ut__am | | ::: | ::: | - | 1SG=has.PRES (plead, beg) | IMP=1.OBJ | Please give me the sword = Dahas thrâkiz lagum | | Necessitative | Similar to Hortative modalities but applies to 1st/3rd person. Translated like simple sentences with verbs "must", "should", "have to", "need" in present or future tense. The same in past tense is Hypothetical modality | maug- (must, ought to, have to, shall, should), bolk- (need) in present or future tense | INF | | I must kill him = Da__maug__ dog__ut__an | | ::: | ::: | ::: | ::: | | They will have to go = Takbolk__ub__ ukh__ut__ | | ::: | ::: | ::: | ::: | | I need to eat = Dabolk throkh__ut__ | | ::: | The same with [[grammar_gerundive|Gerundives]] and impersonal constructions (like "it's necessary", "it's important" and others) instead of modal verbs, more laconical way | | GERV | | It's important that orcs capture these hobbits = Hormarz dik__at__ kudugza urukirzi((lit. "Importantly these hobbits to be captured by orcs")) | | ::: | Order or command was not directly from speaker but through some mediate person. Speaker did not issued the command, but only repeat order of 3rd person. Main sentence explains who gave the order using such verbs as "command", "order", "demand", "insist", "request", "recommend", "propose", "suggest", "expect". Similar to Desiderative, but with sense of obligation like Imperative, and explicit using of objective "you" (//af//, //am//) | | any | GERV | Morgoth demands that you were there by next morning = Morgoth thukhûlâtaf __kulat__ zîgin ik ânshabirzi((Morgoth over-request=2PL.OBJ be.GERV there before morning=next=by)) | | Volitive (desire, wishes and hope) |||||| | Optative / Benedictive | wish somebody something | gâkh.IMP | IMP | | May the force be with you! = __Gâkh__ balum kul fisha | | ::: | blessings | ::: | ::: | | Be lucky! = __Gâkh__ dûrf ((lit. "May (you) have luck!")) | | ::: | ::: | ::: | ::: | | Long live the king! = __Gâkh__ arn kîb rodharz((lit. "May the king live long!")) | | ::: | curses | ::: | ::: | | Mordor be your grave! = __Gâkh__ Uzgbûrz kul matronk fib | | Desiderative | wish something to happen | irm (wish) / hiz (want) / darb (expect, wait) / kulg (would like) in PRES or SJV | - | SJV | I wish my sword be here = Da __irm__ lagdab __kulg__ zin | | ::: | ::: | ::: | ::: | ::: | = Da __irmulg__ lagdab __kulg__ zin | | ::: | wish that somebody will do something, similar to Jussive but without obligation | ::: | ::: | GERV | Master wants you to find the ring = Goth hiz__ât__af gimb__at__ nazgum | | ::: | wish action to happen, wish to be able to do an action | ::: | INF | - | I want (to go/be) out = Da__hiz__ ukh__ut__ lût | | ::: | ::: | ::: | ::: | ::: | He wants to fly = Ta__hiz__ skoir__ut__ | | ::: | the same as above but without using modal verbs | | SJV | - | I would drink! = Dashog__ulg__ | | ::: | personal preference (English "I would rather", "I would prefer") | ::: | SJV | - | I would rather go = Da ukh__ulg__ hîsar | | ::: | (the same with impersonal sentences and gerundive) | ::: | GERV | - | For me it's better to go = Bhogar dazûr ukh__at__ | | ::: | (the same with infinitive as subject) | - | kul.PRES (be) | - | To go is better for me = Ukh__ut__ __kulâ__ bhogar dazûr | | ::: | advice, action is desirable for speaker or target object (similar to Hortative modality) in current circumstances (English "had better") | maug.PRES (should) | INF | ::: | You had better run away now = Fi__maug__ irz__ut__ zil | | ::: | (the same with impersonal sentence and gerundive) | - | GERV | - | It's better for you to run away now = Bhogar fizûr irz__at__ zil | | ::: | (the same with infinitive as subject) | - | kul.PRES (be) | - | To run away now is better for you = Irz__ut__ zil __kulâ__ bhogar fizûr | | ::: | hope, fear, dream of something to happen | - | khard.PRES (hope) | any | I hope you will find the ring = Dakhard figimb__ub__ nazgum | | ::: | ::: | ::: | furg.PRES (fear) | ::: | I fear they will find my ring = Dafurg tak gimb__ub__ nazgumdab | | ::: | ::: | ::: | khard.PRES (hope), taur.PRES (dream) | SJV | Balrog dreams that rain would stop = Balrog taurâ zamal miz puzg__ulg__ | | ::: | impersonal desire for something to happen or somebody to do an action((may be treated as Conditional/Eventive mood, see below)) (usually starts with "If only ...") | - | SJV | | If only my sword **were** here! = Ghung tug lagdab __kulg__ zin | | ::: | ::: | (any) in SJV | INF | | If only I could kill the dragon! = Ghung tug dapâsh__ulg__ dog__ut__ lûg | ^ Epistemic (what may be) |||||| | Inferential / Oblique((may be classified as Realis)) | Event is almost real but non-confirmative. | | FUT | | I will defeat the dragon (speaker is sure) = Dafitg__ub__ lûgum | | ::: | Event is real, but speaker didn't witnessed it personally (e.g. through news or other's speech) | | any | PST | I was told, he left the house = Gashn__uz__âtiz taranguz ozdum | | Potential | Speaker assumes high probability of an action. (Similar to inferential / oblique modality, but with little doubt) | (any).PRES | INF | | Probably I can defeat the dragon = Dapâsh faik__ut__ lûgum falgarz | | ::: | ::: | | FUT | | I will probably defeat the dragon = Dafitg__ub__ lûgum falgarz | | ::: | ::: | | PST | | He have probably built the house = Tatumb__uz__ ozdum falgarz | | Presumptive | Speaker presumes the statement is true, similar to Conditional-Predictive, but condition is in some directive modality | | | | | | ::: | using expression "be it so" | (any).SJV | INF | kul.IMP (be) | Be it so, he could win = __Kul__anzash tapâsh__ulg__ fitgut | | ::: | ::: | | SJV | ::: | Be it so, he would die = __Kul__anzash tamat__ulg__ | | ::: | ::: | | ::: | ::: | Be it so, he would be glad = __Kul__anzash tak__ulg__ glaz | | ::: | after verbs like "ton" (suppose), "gâkh tonut" (let's assume) | (any).SJV | INF | ton (suppose) in IMP or gâkh.IMP + ton.INF + dependent clause | Suppose it's true, he could win = __Ton__ za kog, tapâsh__ulg__ fitgut | | ::: | ::: | | SJV | ::: | Let's assume it happened, then he would be glad = Gâkh tonut za ghugshuz, zîgil ta__kulg__ glaz | | Assumptive / Deductive | statement assumed to be true, because it //usually// true in these circumstances, but less likely may be not. Starts or ends with "that must/should be" in English, which is [[syntax_parenthesis|parenthesis phrase]] and not a predicate. May be similar to Deductive modality (see below). | | kul (be) in any tense (omitted in PRES) | maug.IMP (must/should) + kul.INF (be) | That must be hobbits, who stole our precious (it's not the first time) = Zîg kulû, __maug kulut__, kudug zamash orskuzû turkûrz dakob | | ::: | ::: | ::: | ::: | ::: | He should be a good warrior (e.g. people of his tribe considered to be that) = Ta, __maug kulut__, maubhog = He is a good warrior, must be = Takul ash maubhog, __maug kulut__ | | ::: | ::: | ::: | ::: | ::: | I must be blind (because I can't see the things that make true happiness) = Da, __maug kulut__, bûrk = I am blind, must me = Dakul bûrk, __maug kulut__ | | ::: | ::: | ::: | ::: | ::: | They must be in Gondor by now = Tak, __maug kulut__, Gunduzgor ik zil = Must be, they are in Gondor by now = __Maug kulut__, tak kul Gunduzgor ik zil | | ::: | The statement was deduced on other information. (Deductive modality). The sentence itself does not differ from assumptive, but some explanation should be present in previous or next one. | ::: | ::: | ::: | I don't see my precious. He **must have stolen** it! (He is the only person been here before it disappeared) = It must be stolen by him = Danarhon turkûrz dab. __Maug kulut__, orskulgan | | Dubitative | statement is uncertain or doubtful, but assumed to be true more likely (similar to assumptive and deductive modalities, but uses verb "may") | | any | ilf.IMP (may), maug.IMP (must) + kul.INF (be) | Maybe he is ill = __Ilf kulut__, ta(kul) gômûrz = He might be ill = Ta, __ilf kulut__, gômûrz | | ::: | ::: | ::: | ::: | ::: | May be he was an elf (we see only a skeleton) = __Ilf kulut__, takuz golug | | ::: | Speaker is unsure or do not care who or how did the action. Used with dubitative [[proform|indefinite pronouns]]. | kul.PRES (be) | | SJV | Whoever did this is fool = __Maikon__ kramp__ulg__ za __kul__ pahum | | ::: | ::: | ilf.IMP (may) / maug.IMP (must) | kul.INF (be) | SJV | Whoever did this must be fool = __Maikon__ kramp__ulg__ za __maug__ kulut pahum | | Hypothetical | Action already could/should (not) be done. Similar to Conditional-Counterfactual (see below) but condition itself is not presented inside same compound sentence | pâsh (can) / ilf (may) / kul (be) in SJV | INF | | You could kill me! = Fi__pâshulg__ dog__ut__iz | | ::: | ::: | | SJV | | I would have alerted you (if haven't already missed an opportunity) = Darazg__ulg__am | | Speculative | In contrast to Assumptive modality, speaker has no evidence or prerequisites for his statement. Similar to Hypothetical and Conditional-Counterfactual. | pâsh (can) / ilf (may) / kul (be) in SJV | INF | | The hobbits could stole it! = Kudug __pâshulg__ orsk__ut__an | | [[mood_subjunctive|Subjunctive]] | In simple clauses without modal verbs. Similar to hypothetical and conditional-counterfactual. Similar to expression "(one) want (do something)" but indicates that something prevents / prevented the wish from happening (see Desiderative modalities). | | (any) | SJV | I would drink = Dashog__ulg__ | | ::: | In dependent clauses in combination with other modalities (e.g. presumptive), usually after conjunctions "so that", "in order that" or just "that". Also in conditional sentences (see Conditional modality) | | ::: | ::: | I suppose that orcs won = Daton zamash uruk faik__ulg__ | | ::: | In comparisons (as if, like) | | ::: | ::: | You speak so as if I did something wrong = Figashn zash ghung dakramp__ulg__ ashmûd firk | | ::: | ::: | ::: | ::: | ::: | Dragon looked at hobbit like he were going to eat him = Lûg honuzâ kudugu oth tapant__ulg__ thrakutan | | ::: | After numerous impersonal constructions "it's (im)possible", "it's likely", "it's unbelievable", "it's natural", "it's strange" (and many others) and conjunction "that". This case is usually replaced with Gerundives. May overlap with necessitative, eventive and counterfactual and modalities | | (any) | SJV | It's necessary that you be at the gates of Gondor tomorrow at dusk = Bolkarz zamash fi__kulg__ hûmob ik Gunduzgob shi muth ârshab((lit.: Necessary that you would be in front of the gates of Gondor at dusk next day)) | | ::: | ::: | ::: | ::: | gerundive | It's necessary that you be at the gates of Gondor tomorrow at dusk = Bolkarz fizûr kul__at__ hûmob ik Gunduzgob shi muth ârshab((lit.: Necessary for you to be in front of the gates of Gondor at dusk next day)) | | [[mood_interrogative|Interrogative]] | General questions | | INT + (any) | | Did you kill him? = Fi__mar__doguzan? | | ::: | ::: | ::: | ::: | ::: | Did orcs killed the dragon? = Uruk __mar__doguzû lûgum? | | ::: | Special questions (together with interrogative pro-forms) | | INT + (any) | | Where is he going? = Ta__mar__ukh min? | | ::: | ::: | ::: | ::: | ::: | Who did this? = Mai __mar__krampuz za? | | ::: | Alternative questions | | INT + (any) | INT + (any) | Did you go to the forest or did you return home? = Fi__mar__ukhuz taushi ogh fi__mar__kruskâtuz mokh? | | ::: | ::: | ::: | INT + any tense | | Did you go left or right? = Fi__mar__ukhuz farkh ogh forg? | | ::: | ::: | ::: | ::: | ::: | To be or not to be = Markulut ogh narmarkulut? | | ::: | Disjunctive questions | | (any) | INT((repeat main verb or use just prefix "mar" standalone)) | You killed that dragon, didn't you? = Fidoguz zîg lûg, fi__mar__doguz? = Fidoguz zîg lûg, __mar__? | | ::: | Combination with other modalities | | INT + (any) | | Will you kill the dragon? ((with Inferential/Potential modality)) = Fi__mar__dog__ub__ lûgum? | | ::: | ::: | INT + (any) | any((according to other modality)) | | Can you kill the dragon? = Fi__marpâsh__ dogut lûgum? | | Dependent circumstances |||||| | Dynamic((included into deontic group of modalities in some classifications)) | (can/will) | pâsh.PRES (can) | INF | | I can sing (right now) = Da__pâsh__ lash__ut__ | | ::: | ::: | pâsh.PST (could) | INF | | I could sing (in the past) = Da__pâshuz__ lash__ut__ | | ::: | ::: | | FUT | | I will sing = Dalash__ub__ | | Conditional | the complex sentence consists of two parts: condition - starts with words "ghung" (= if) or "amil" (= when); action if condition is true. There are several combinations of probability of condition and action to happen: | | | | | | ::: | factual (both condition and action are regular or already happened in the past together) | | PRES | PRES | I sing when I drink = Dalash amil dashog | | ::: | predictive (similar to potential and comissive modalities) - in sentences about future | | FUT | FUT | If he steals our food, we will kill him = Ghung ta orsk__ub__ throk dakob, dakdog__ub__an | | ::: | ::: | ::: | ::: | ::: | If I (will) drink I will sing = Ghung dashog__ub__ dalash__ub__ | | ::: | predictive (when speaker is unsure if condition will happen, but if it does, the action will be almost real) | | FUT | SJV | If he should get the money he will buy a horse = Ghung tasnab__ulg__ draug, tatûz__ub__ lûkh | | ::: | suppositional: predictive + hortative / desiderative, e.g. to express hidden offering / hint / cue | | FUT | SJV | Should you come, I'll drink with you = Ghung fiskât__ulg__, dashog__ub__ fisha ((lit.:If you would come, I'll drink with you)) | | ::: | eventive (combination of potential, various directive and desiderative modalities). Similar to one just above, but condition is possible (but not happened yet) and action is doubtful | | SJV + falgarz (probably) | FUT | I would sing if you will bring the drink = Dalash__ulg__ ghung fithrak__ub__ akrum | | ::: | counterfactual (similar to hypothetical and speculative), both action and condition already didn't happened or not yet happened (but almost impossible). | | SJV | SJV | I would sing if I had drunk = Dalash__ulg__ ghung dashog__ulg__ | | ::: | ::: | ::: | ::: | ::: | If I had a dragon, I would fight against Balrog = Ghung dabrus__ulg__ ash lûg, damauk__ulg__ bug Balrog | | ::: | ::: | ::: | ::: | ::: | Had I seen a trap, I would had alerted you = Ghung dahon__ulg__ ash hnûf, darazg__ulg__am | | ::: | counterfactual, used to translate expressions like "If I were you" (or someone were someone else), object in conditional clause should be in Essive case | ::: | ::: | ::: | If I were goblin, I would run from Balrog = Ghung da__kulg__ ash uruksi, da irz__ulg__ Balrogbo | ---------------------- ===== See also ===== * [[wp>Grammatical_mood|Grammatical mood in Wikipedia]] * [[Modal verbs]] * [[grammar_verb#suffix_chain|Verb's suffix chain]]