====== Conjunctions ======
**//Conjunction//** is a part of speech that connects individual words, phrases, clauses and sentences. However other parts of speech such as [[adpositions]], [[proform|pro-forms]], [[grammar_adverb|adverbs]] (called conjunctive adverbs in that case) and even [[grammar_participle|participles]] and [[syntax_parenthesis|whole phrases]]) can carry the same function. For example Nûrlâm's "la" is a preposition in "Taskâtuz la ânsh" = "He came after the dawn", but is a conjunction in "Taskâtuz la ûzh tulguzâ" = "He came after the Sun rose".

There are two big groups of conjunctions:
  - Coordinating. Join two or more items of equal importance.
  - Subordinating. Join dependent clauses to the main (independent) clause into [[syntax_complex|complex sentence]]. They are mostly [[syntax_adverbials|adverbial]] clauses.

Each group has simple one-word conjunctions and complex phrases consisting of two conjunctions or other parts of speech, either following each other or split (e.g. one part joins one clause and the second one joins the other). Some conjunctions may belong to several categories depending on their usage.

Many conjunctions may combine two sequential simple sentences: they stay separated by stop punctuation mark instead of joining into complex sentence with clauses separated by conjunction and comma. This may happen in dialogues, where two sentences are uttered by different persons:
\\ -- I don't like fruits.
\\ -- **Neither** do I, meat is much better!

===== Coordinating conjunctions =====
Coordinating conjunctions combine two or more words or phrases into one syntactical unit, or two independent clauses into compound sentence. Coordinating conjunctions do not belong to any syntactical category and do not belong to any of clauses they combine.

==== Cumulative conjunctions ====
**//Cumulative conjunctions//** add or combine non-contrasting items or ideas, even if both of them are negative.
^ English ^ Nûrlâm ^ Part of speech ^ Etymology ^ Example ^
| also,\\ too* | shuz | conj | NL < LOS "shum" (very much, too much) < SV (big, great) | Many orcs hate elves, I hate them **too** => Mak uruk mokû golug-hai, damokul **shuz** |
| :::  | shazârz | adv | NL, lit. "with this manner", TK "sha", EL "za" + LOS "-arz" | Dwarves **also** hate elves => Gazat-hai mokû golug-hai **shazârz** |
| **and** | **agh** | conj | TK (LOTR, RI) | Shagrat **and** Gorbag talked in the tower => Shagrat **agh** Gorbag shugbuzû lugumor\\ //This sentence has two subjects joined by a conjunction "and". However it may be analyzed as simplified compound sentence.// |
| besides | rambarz | adv | NL < ZA "ramb" (side, flank) | Athelas is a healing herb **besides** a pig forage = Arnpâth kulâ ash shartug barth **rambarz** bûbgazhk |
| both* | za agh zîg | | lit. "this and that" | Troll-woman offered two gifts: sword and stallion. Man refused **both** => Ologniz thrâhuzâ krul thrân: ash lag agh ash lûkh. Tark narbhuzâ **za agh zîg** |
| :::   | zîg agh isk | | lit. "that and another" | What you prefer: man flesh or hobbit flesh? -- **Both** are good => Mash fibrogb tarkâps ogh kudugâps? -- **Zîg agh isk** bhog |
| either* | ûgh | pro | lit. "each" | I don't like them **either** => Danarbrogbul **ûgh**\\ //Here "either" refers to persons referred by pronoun "them"//  |
| :::     | kon | adv | lit. "any"  | I don't like them either => Danarbrogbul **kon**\\ //same as above// |
| :::     | shuz | conj | lit. "also" | I don't like them either => Danarbrogbul **shuz**\\ //and here "either" refers to speaker and the listener(s)// |
| furthermore,\\ moreover | zîgir | pro | lit. "on top of that" | Athelas is a forage for pigs, **moreover** it's healing herb => Arnpâth (kulâ) bûbgazhk **zîgir** ta(kul) shartug barth |
| :::         | makarzar zîgob | expr | lit. "more of that" | They defeated hordes of orcs and **moreover** a Balrog => Takfaikuz hurm urukob agh **makarzar zîgob** ash Balrog |
| nor((without neither)) | agh ... nar | conj | lit. "and not" | Shagrat didn't kill a dragon, **nor** did Gorbag => Shagrat nardoguzâ ash lûg, **agh** Gorbag **nar**\\ //only if there was negation before// |
| plus | gint | v | NL, imperative from verb "gint-" (to add, increase, append, join) < merging DS "gin" (new) with Qenya "yanta-" (to add to, enlarge, increase, augment) and with Gnomish "intha-" (to join to, add, increase, add to) and "gantha" (more) | This sword is sharp and light, **plus** it glows when orcs are nearby => Za lag kulâ maig agh sta, **gint** taghâzh amil uruk mush  |
| whereby | amasha | pro | NL, lit. "with which" < LOS "mash" (what?) and TK "sha" (together with) | Master made a law **whereby** it's forbidden to call him Sauron => Goth krampuzâ ash mogsh **amasha** bhaudaga bugdutan Sauron |
* - at the end of the phrase

^ English ^ Nûrlâm ^ Part of speech ^ Etymology ^ Example ^
| along with (this) | shâs | conj | NL, literal translation < TK "sha" (together with) and LOS "as" (across, through) | Some men from the South fought **along with** the orcs => Mûd tark hardob maukuzû **shâs** uruk-hai |
| as much ... as ... | zash mak ... zash ... | expr | literal translation | Take **as much** gold **as** you can carry! => Snab **zash mak** lûr **zash** gipâsh thragut! | 
| both ... and ... | agh ... agh ... | conj | TK "agh" (and), lit. "and ... and ..." | **Both** Shagrat **and** Gorbag didn't want to serve their master => **Agh** Shagrat **agh** Gorbag narhizuzû bûrtut ash goth takob |
| in addition (to) | gintautor (...-u) | expr | | They got some loot **in addition to** the money received for joining the war => Taksnabuz mûd raun **gintautor** draugûr**u** nântaga gaidautûr ghûthum |
| in sum | ginturmor | expr | | **In sum**, their proposition just says "fuck you all" => **Ginturmor**, thrâhurm takob gashnâ tug "htolafûk" |
| neither (of) ... | nar (...)ob | expr | lit. "none of" | **Neither of** them wanted to serve the master => **Nar** tak**ob** (nar)hizizû bûrtut gothum |
| neither (verb) (subject) | (subject) nar(verb) ... shuz | expr | lit. "didn't ... too" | Gorbag didn't want to serve his master. **Neither** did Shagrat => Gorbag narhizuzâ bûrtut goth tab. Shagrat **nar**hizuzâ **shuz** |
| ::: | (subject) shuz nar(verb) ... | expr | lit. "also didn't ..." | => Shagrat **shuz** **nar**hizuzâ |
| neither ... nor ... | nar ... nar ... | conj | lit. "not ... not" | **Neither** Shagrat **nor** Gorbag wanted to serve their master => **Nar** Shagrat **nar** Gorbag (nar)hizuzû bûrtut ash goth takob |
| on top of that | zîgir | pro | NL "zîg" (that) + "ir" (on, on top of) | They defeated hordes of orcs. **On top of that** they also killed a Balrog. => Takfaikuz hurm urukob. **Zîgir** takdoguz ash Balrog shuz |

==== Alternative conjunctions ====
**//Alternative conjunctions//** present an option or choice of items or ideas, one of them may be negative.
^ English ^ Nûrlâm ^ Part of speech ^ Etymology ^ Example ^
| **or** | **ogh** | conj | LOS (SN) < TK (LOTR, RI) "agh" + English "or" | Would you like meat **or** vegetables? => Fihizulg mash, âps **ogh** barth? |

^ English ^ Nûrlâm ^ Part of speech ^ Etymology ^ Example ^
| either ... or ... | ogh ... ogh ... | conj | lit. "or ... or ..." | **Either** the Ring will be destroyed **or** the World will burn => **Ogh** nazgum kubâ shadat **ogh** thard ghâshub |
| ... (one time, once), and ... (another time) | ... asharz ... ilisk | expr | lit. "once and another time" | **One time** he is chill and furious **another** => Takul borzûrz **asharz** agh hûr **ilisk** |
| ... (now, today), and ... (next time, then) | ... zil ... la | expr | lit. "now and later" | **Now** they are telling us "We are the family", **next time** they will grudge a maggoty bread for us => Tak gashnak **zil** "Dak rank", **la** takrarkub ash zombûrz mazg dakûr |
| whether ... or ... | makon ... ogh ... | expr | lit. "any ... or ..." | I don't care **whether** you steal **or** buy it -- bring it to me! => Danargirkh **makon** fi orskulgan **ogh** fitûzulgan -- thrakan dazûr! |
| :::                | mashkon ... ogh ... | expr | lit. "whatever/whichever ... or ... " | Whether you find a ring or other trinket on prisoners, they belong to the Master => **Mashkon** gigimbulg ash nazg **ogh** isk nîd, takaud gothûr |

==== Adversative conjunctions ====
**//Adversative conjunctions//** help to express contrast or exceptions of ideas.
^ English ^ Nûrlâm ^ Part of speech ^ Etymology ^ Example ^
| although | nân | conj | LOS < Quenya "nan" (but, on the contrary, on the other hand), "ono" | **Although** I don'like elves personally, they are good on taste => **Nân** danarbrogb golug-hai shrasi, tak nîr thaikat |
| though | ::: | ::: | ::: | Orcs are superior in combat, not in the forests **though** => Uruk-hai kulû bhogaz dogror, nar tauzor **nân** |
| but | ::: | ::: | ::: | I don't like dwarves, **but** I hate elves more => Danarbrogb gazat-hai, **nân** damok golug-hai makar |
| but | ap | conj | NL < Quenya "apa" | Gorbag is my friend, **but** loot is more precious => Gorbag shauk, **ap** raun turkûrzar((pun on "Amicus Plato, sed magis arnica Veritas")) |
| even | yal | conj | HG | **Even** the spirits are afraid => **Yal** hûb (kulû) uglaga | 
| however | marzkon | pro | NL | We defeated them, **however** with great loss => Dakfaikuzul **marzkon** mak dogauksha |
| yet     | ::: | ::: | ::: | He fell off the cliff **yet** survived => Talûmp fip bo **marzkon** takibruz |
| instead* | sazgishi | n + postp | NL < Sindarin "sad" (place) merged with LOS "stazg" (place) < SV + TK "ishi" (in) | The Fellowship could go through Rohan Gap but they went through Moria **instead** => Shaukurm pâshulgâ ukhut Lûkhuzg Zaghirzi tuk ap takukhuz Ronkbûrzirzi tuk **sazgishi** |
| nevertheless | nar mikarzar zîgob | expr | lit. "not less of that" | The wizard knew that Moria was dangerous but agreed to go that way **nevertheless** => Saunorum îstuzâ zamash Ronkbûrz kuzâ razgûrz nân **nar mikarzar zîgob** akhuzâ ukhut zîg mûl |
| nonetheless | ::: | ::: | ::: | He didn't like them but invited **nonetheless** => Tanarbrogbuzul ap **nar mikarzar zîgob** tabroskuzul |
| otherwise | iskarz | pro | NL < "isk", merging Quenya "exë" with LOS "izg" (I) | The White Wizard thinks **otherwise** => Saunorninkum ûsâ **iskarz** |
| ::: | arzisk | pro | ::: | Attack of the orcs rallied dwarves, elves and men, **otherwise** they would fought each other => Dîsum urukob gaiduzâ gazat-hai, golug-hai agh tark-hai, **arzisk** takmaukulg ash isk |

^ English ^ Nûrlâm ^ Part of speech ^ Etymology ^ Example ^
| in place of | inor (...)ob | expr | NL, "in" (place) + "or" (in) + "ob" (of) | He put some garbage **in place of** treasure => Tagaithuz mûd glod **inor** mirn**ob**\\ //usually literally about place or location// |
| instead of | ::: | ::: | ::: | Shagrat will be on guard **instead of** Gorbag => Shagrat tudubâ **inor** Gorbag**ob** \\ //about people and their actions// |
| on the contrary | rambiskir | expr | NL, "on the other side" | Athelas didn't help his wounds, **on the contrary** it was poisonous to orc => Arnpâth narbhokuzâ tab rulûr, **rambiskir** ta kuz holmûrz urukûr |
| on the other hand | nalgiskir | expr | NL, literal translation | I hate elves, **on the other hand** they are delicious => Damok golug-hai, dak thaikûrz **nalgiskir** |

==== Gradational conjunctions ====
**//Gradational conjunctions//** take part in comparisons of equal, not dependent items or ideas. They may be similar to //[[conjunctions#adversative_conjunctions|adversative]]// and //[[conjunctions#adverbial_conjunctions_of_comparison|comparison]]// conjunctions but with less contrast.
^ English ^ Nûrlâm  ^ Part of speech ^ Etymology ^ Example ^
| rather((not as synonym for "quite" in expressions like "he is rather big")) | hîsarzar | adv  | NL "hîs" (adj.) (fast, quick, swift, soon, **rathe**, etc.) + adv. suffix "-arz" + comparative suffix "-ar" | I would **rather** go => Da ukhulg **hîsarzar** |
| than   | snû      | conj | LOS < MB | My axe is bigger **than** yours! => Pulkdab dauzar **snû** fib |

^ English ^ Nûrlâm ^ Part of speech ^ Etymology ^ Example ^
| it is not that ... but ... | nar kogarz ... ap hîsarzar | expr | lit. "not truly a ... but rather ..." | **It's not that** orcs didn't want to fight, **but** they didn't want to serve their lord => **Nar kogarz** uruk narhizû maukut **ap hîsarzar** taknarhiz bûrtut goth takob |
| not (really, exactly) ... but (rather) ... | ::: | ::: | ::: | ::: |
| not (so) much ... as ... | nar zamak ... zîgmaksi ... | expr | lit. "not so much ... as that much ..." | We were on the road. Well, it's **not** so **much** of a road **as** path => Dak kuz mûlumir. Bhog, ta **nar** zash **zamak** ash mûl(ob) **zîgmaksi** ash mong |
| not only/just ... but (also) ... | nar tug ... ap (shazârz) ... | expr | literal translation | I am **not only** smart and beautiful **but also** humble => Dakul **nar tug** tunkûrz agh nîr **ap shazârz** zaud |
| not only/just ... but ... too | nar tug ... ap ... shuz | expr | literal translation | And **not just** the men, **but** the women and the children, **too** => Agh **nar tug** nor **ap** niz agh khind **shuz**. |
| rather ... than ... | hîsarzar ... snû ... | adv | literal translation | I would **rather** eat maggoty bread **than** elvish food => **Hîsarzar** dathrokhulg zombûrz mazg **snû** golugûrz throk |

==== Clarifying conjunctions ====
**//Clarifying conjunctions//** provide more detailed, precise or clear description of items or ideas. May be similar to //alternative// conjunctions.
^ English ^ Nûrlâm ^ Part of speech ^ Etymology ^ Example ^
| actually | kogarz | adv | NL < ZA "kog-" (to speak, tell truth) | **Actually**, they couldn't fly to Mordor on Eagles => **Kogarz** taknarpâshulg skoirut Uzgbûrzu shorir |
| indeed | ::: | ::: | ::: | Bolg is **indeed** strong => Bolg kulâ pol **kogarz** |
| really | ::: | ::: | ::: | Men flesh is **really** delicious! => Tarkâps kulâ **kogarz** thaikûrz! |
| truly | ::: | ::: | ::: | The ring is **truly** powerful! => Nazgum kulâ balûrz **kogarz** |
| certainly | rûzarz | adv | LOS "rûz" (sure) (adj) < HG | Bolg was **certainly** a strongest orc => Bolg **rûzarz** kuz ash uruk bolgaz |
| :::       | durtarz | adv | LOS "durt" (adj) (sure, certain) | => Bolg kuz ash uruk bolgaz **durtarz** |
| especially | zasharz | adv | NL, similarly to HG < SV "shumza" (very much this), but with LOS (SN) "sharz" (very) | Don't anyone in, **especially** with weapons! => Nardabh haikon shiksut, **zasharz** yaksha |
| particularly | ::: | ::: | ::: | Salted meat is **particularly** good => Kaishaga âps kulâ nîr **zasharz** |
| specifically | ::: | ::: | ::: | He told **specifically** about capturing that tower => Tagashnuz gus dikaut zîg lug **zasharz** |
| namely | îzarz | adv | NL "îz" (name) (n) | Orcs, **namely** Shagrat and Gorbag, want freedom from the Dark Lord => Uruk-hai, Shagrat and Gorbag **îzarz**, hizû sligurm Gothbûrzbo |
| precisely | aktarz | adv | NL < ULK "aktum" (accuracy, precision, marksmanship) | I was going to do precisely this => Dakrampuzuth **aktarz** za |

^ English ^ Nûrlâm ^ Part of speech ^ Etymology ^ Example ^
| for sure | rûzarz | adv | LOS "rûz" (sure) (adj) < HG | I will help you **for sure** => Dabhokub gizûr **rûzarz** |
| :::       | durtarz | adv | LOS "durt" (adj) (sure, certain) | He was **for sure** strong => Takuz **durtarz** bolg |
| in fact | kogurmirzi | expr | lit. "by fact" | Bilbo's ring was **in fact** Sauron's => Nazg Bilbob kuz Sauronob **kogurmirzi** |
| in other words | ghîshirzi isk,\\ ghîshiskirzi | expr | lit. "by other words" | In current circumstances we cannot accept your proposition, **in other words** -- fuck you! => Shi gugsh radûrz daknarpâsh bhûlut thrâhurm gib, **ghîshiskirzi**, htolaf! |
| it means | za/zîg/amash idrâ | expr | lit. "this/that/what means" | The rising sun is red, **it means** the blood was shed at night => Ûzhum tulgug karn, **za idrâ** zamash ghorum smurbâkuzâ shi fugh |
| or rather | ogh hîsarzar | expr | literal translation | They gave to dwarves some unwanted weapons **or rather** useless tools => Takthroguz gazatûr mûd narnargag yak **ogh hîsarzar** kram narushdûrz |
| that is | zîg kulâ | expr | literal translation | He is Balrog, **that is** fallen Maia => Ta Balrog **zîg kulâ** hûb lûmpuga |
| id est (i.e.) | ::: | ::: | ::: | ::: |
| so to speak | gashnat zârz | expr | lit. "to say so" | He was, **so to speak**, an embodiment of hope => Takuz, **gashnat zârz**, ash turm khardurmob |
| that's to say | ::: | ::: | ::: | ::: |
| to be exact | kulat aktûrz | expr | literal translation | He was killed by servants of Sauron, **to be exact**, by Nazgûl => Tadogâkuz snagarzi Sauronob, **kulat aktûrz**, Nazgûlirzi |
| to be precise | ::: | ::: | ::: | ::: |
| without doubt | shanar hush / hush shanar | expr | literally | **Without doubt** a Balrog can defeat a human => **Shanar hush** ash Balrog pâsh faikut ash tark |

--------------------------------------
===== Subordinating conjunctions =====
**//Subordinating conjunctions//** often introduce adverbial clauses, and thus many of them strictly speaking belong to relative pronouns and pro-adverbs (see [[proform|Pro-forms]]). Similar functions may be carried by clauses with [[grammar_infinitive|infinitives]] and [[grammar_gerundive|gerundives]] without auxiliary words. Subordinating conjunctions are the part of dependent clause.

==== Descriptive conjunctions ====
**//Descriptive conjunctions//** are in fact relative pronouns. They take the role of [[syntax_determiner|determiners]] in the sentence.
^ English ^ Nûrlâm ^ Part of speech ^ Etymology ^ Example ^
| insomuch | zamaku | pro | "za" (this) + "mak" (much) + "-u" (to) | He hates elves **insomuch** that he can't even eat them => Tamok golug-hai **zamaku** zamash yal tanarpâsh throkhutul |
| such | zâsh | pro | "za" + "ash", lit. "this one" | He is **such** a terrible person! => Ta **zâsh** shrabhau! |
| that | zamash | pro | "za" + "amash", lit. "this, which ..." | The house **that** Snaga built => Ozdum **zamash** Snaga tumbuz |
| what | amash | pro | "am-" (relative pronoun prefix) + "ash" (one) | You reap **what** you sow => Fisrunt **amash** fisruth |
| which | amash, amai | pro | //as you can see, there is no special word for "which" in Nûrlâm; "what" or "who" are used instead// | I don't know **which** way to go => Danarîst **amash** mongirzi ukhat |
| ::: | ::: | ::: | ::: | **Which** one of you did this? => **Amai** ash gib krampuz za? |
| who   | amai | pro | "am-" (relative pronoun prefix) + "-hai" (people) | He, **who** hides in shadows => Ta **amai** fauthâ bathor |

^ English ^ Nûrlâm ^ Part of speech ^ Etymology ^ Example ^
| no more ... (than ...) | nar makarzar ... snû ... | expr | literal translation | He fights **no more** => Tamauk **nar makarzar** = Ta**nar**mauk **makarzar** => He doesn't fight anymore |
| ::: | ::: | ::: | ::: | She has **no more** brain **than** a hen => Nabrus **nar makarzar** tunk **snû** ash porg |
| so many, so much | zamak | pro | "za" (this) + "mak" (much) | The pot cooked **so much** food that it flooded the village => Khûzum throbuzâ **zamak** throk zamash talauduz fulzum |
==== Adverbial conjunctions of time ====
^ English ^ Nûrlâm ^ Part of speech ^ Etymology ^ Example ^
| after | la | prep | LOS | Wash your hands **after** shitting => Yol fib nalg **la** bagaut |
| before | ik | prep | LOS | Run **before** I kill you! => Irz **ik** dadogam! |
| finally | -ûk | suffix, adv | TK, clitic adverb of aspect | I have **finally** won => Dafaikuz**ûk** ((ambiguous, may mean "I have defeated all")) |
| ::: | gorzarz | adv | DS "gorz-" (to end, finish) | I have **finally** won => Dafaikuz **gorzarz** |
| just | -îs | suffix, adv | NL < LOS "îs-" (to begin), clitic adverb of aspect | He have **just** came in => Tashiskuz**îs** |
| lately | shiladil | adv | HG "lad" (late) (adj) | **Lately** he is been avoiding people => **Shiladil** tanarl hai |
| ::: | shîlad | adv | ::: | => Tanarl hai **shîlad** |
| once | nokh | adv | LOS < HG | Wormtongue was **once** a man of Rohan => Zomlâm kuz **nokh** ash nor Lûkhuzgob |
| :::  | asharz | adv, num | TK "ash" (one) | **Once** upon the time in Middle-Earth => **Asharz** Noduzgor |
| since | ghâr | prep | HG < LOS "ghâra" (from) | I haven't seen him **since** Monday => Danarkinuzan **ghâr** shilârsh\\ //"ghâr" is used primarily with events described in one word// |
| :::   | amilah | pro | NL, "amil" (when) + "-ah" (from), "whence" | I haven't seen him **since** he left the city => Danarkinuzan **amilah** taranguz goim |
| soon | -uth | suffix, adv | NL < Gnomish "mu", "mutha" (will, I am going to, I am about to); clitic adverb of aspect | The Sun will rise **soon** => Ûzh tulgubât**uth** |
| still | zizil | adv | NL, lit. "until now" | Snaga **still** builds the house => Snaga tumbâ ozdum **zizil** |
| yet | ::: | ::: | ::: | Snaga didn't finished the house yet => Snaga nargorzuzâ ozdum **zizil** |
| then | zîgil | pro | NL, lit. "that time", from SV "il" (time) and NL "zîg" (that) | The hobbit put on the ring **then** disappeared => Kudugum tupuzâ nazgum **zîgil** bhanuz |
| till | zi | prep | LOS | Fight **till** the last drop of blood! => Mauk **zi** lîmptîl ghorob! |
| until | ::: | ::: | ::: | Do not return **until** you finish your quest! => Narkruskât **zi** figorzub fib sogurm |
| when | amil | pro | NL | I will return **when** Sun rises => Dakruskâtub **amil** ûzh tulgubâ |
| whenever | milkon | pro | NL, "mil" (when?) + "kon" (any) | You may come **whenever** you want => Fi ilf skâtut **milkon** finargub |
| while | kusn | conj | LOS < SV | He was singing a song **while** going home => Talashuz ash laush **kusn** ukhuz mokhu |

^ English ^ Nûrlâm ^ Part of speech ^ Etymology ^ Example ^
| at last | gorzarz | adv | lit. "finally", DS "gorz-" (to end, finish) | After the long journey they reached Gondor **at last** => La rodh ukhaut takbarluz Gunduzg **gorzarz** |
| at the same time | shi zash il | expr | literal translation | He hates elves, but loves their tast at the same time => Tamok golug-hai ap **shi zash il** tabrogb shaubum takob |
| before long | -uth | adv | lit. "soon"; NL < Gnomish "mu", "mutha" (will, I am going to, I am about to); clitic adverb of aspect | Gondor will fall **before long** => Gunduzg zadubât**uth** |
| by the time (when) | ik ilum (amil) | expr | lit. "before the time" | The enemies will be already in Gondor **by the time** he reach it => Kuth kubû Gunduzgor dok **ik ilum amil** tabarlub za |
| every time | ilûgh | pro | literal translation | He tells the same joke **every time** we meet him => Tagashn zash hokum **ilûgh** dakhogan |
| for (a) long (time) | expr | furn rodharz | literal translation | I haven't seen him **for a long time** => Danarkinuzan **furn rodharz** |
| ::: | ::: | furn ilrodh | ::: | ::: |
| long before | zi rodharz/ilrodh ik | expr | lit. "by/until long before", "by long time before" | This elf started fighting **long before** you was born => Za golug îsuzâ maukut **zi rodharz ik** finozduz |
| meanwhile | shi zil/zîgil | expr | "at this time", "at that time", "at now", "at then" | Hobbits were eating salted pork **meanwhile** ents were fighting Saruman's orcs => Kudug throkhuzû bûbâps kaishaga **shi zîgil** ornog-hai taduzû uruk-hai Sharkûb |
| next (time) | (shi) (il)ab | expr | NL < DS prefix "ab-" (after, behind, following)  | "What to do **next**?" => "Mash krampat abarzar"((lit.: What to do further?)) = "Mash krampat **shi ilab**"((lit.: What to do at the next time?)) |
| no sooner than | naruthar snû | expr | literal translation | **No sooner** had they escaped Wargs **than** they were captured by goblins => Takdikâkuz urukirzi **naruthar snû** takirzuz hîrgah |
| now that | zil amil | expr | lit. "now when", may be written as one word | **Now that** Gorthaur won, orcs may sleep peacefully => **Zil amil** Gorthaur faikuzâ, uruk-hai ilfû lorut borzarz |

==== Adverbial conjunctions of place ====
^ English ^ Nûrlâm ^ Part of speech ^ Etymology ^ Example ^
| whence (from where) | aminah | pro | elative case from "amin" (where) | Return to the hole **whence** you came! => Kruskât gronkumishi **aminah** fiskât! |
| where | amin | pro | NL, relative prefix "am-" + "in" (place) | In the Land of Mordor **where** the Shadows lie => Uzgbûrzor **amin** bathum kâtû |
| wherever | minkon | pro | NL, "min" (where?) + "kon" (any) | The Great Eye will find you **wherever** you may run => Bhahontum gimbubâtam **minkon** fi ilfulg irzut |
| whither (whereto, to where) | aminu | pro | allative case from "amin" (where) | I don't know **where** to go **(to)** => Danarîst **aminu** ukhat |

==== Adverbial conjunctions of comparison ====
Essive case postposition "-si" and adpositions "zash" and "oth" may all mean "as". The difference is that "-si" and "oth" are used only when there is only one object of comparison or with second object (reference, to compare with). Essive case ending "-si" is used only with one word long objects, while "oth" may precede the longer phrase. And "zash" precedes the first object of comparison (what to compare). "Oth" is extrapolated from personal name "Othrod" interpreted as "As-a-Mountain", but this may be wrong and the word may change it's meaning in the future. So two-object comparison may be done with "zash ... zash ..." or "zash ... ...-si" (the last only if second object is expressed with one word). Also "oth" means any similarity, while "zash" means identity, equivalence or at least very strong similarity.

^ English ^ Nûrlâm ^ Part of speech ^ Etymology ^ Example ^
| as  | oth  | prep  | dubious from TK, AO, BOLT, PN "Othrod", Etym. "OS-" (about, around) | When in Mordor, do **as** the Uruk-hai do => Amil Uzgbûrzor, kramp **oth** Uruk-hai krampû |
| ::: | -si  | postp | NL < Quenya "sívë", Sindarin "sui" | **As** your friend I advice you to not go there => Shauktab**si** dathrâham narukhut zîgin |
| like | oth | prep  | see above | Troll runs **like** the Sun is going to rise soon => Olog khîgâ **oth** ûzhum tulgubuth/tulgatuth |
| :::  | -si | postp | see above | He runs **like** a rabbit => Ta irz ash tap**si** |
| likewise  | otharz | adv | see "oth" | Uglúk belched and Snaga did **likewise** => Uglûk rugduzâ agh Snaga krampuzâ **otharz** |
| similarly | ::: | ::: | ::: | Elves do not take orcs as prisoners, **similarly** humans kill them instead => Golug-hai nardikû uruk glûrsi, **otharz** tark-hai dogul sazgishi |
| so  | zash | prep | SV | Yes, do **so** => Akh, kramp **zash** |
| ::: | zârz | pro  | NL, adverb from "za" (this) | He is **so** happy! => Takul glaz **zârz** |

^ English ^ Nûrlâm ^ Part of speech ^ Etymology ^ Example ^
| as ... as ... | zash ... ...si | expr | SV "zash" (same, adj)\\ NL "-si" (-like) < Quenya "sívë", Sindarin "sui"\\ NL "oth", dubious from TK PN "Othrod", Etym. "OS-" (about, around) | He is **as** fast **as** the rabbit => Takul **zash** hîs tapum**si** |
| :::           | zash ... oth ... | expr | ::: | He was **as** furious **as** impetuous storm at that battle => Takul **zash** hûr **oth** raumgor shi zîg dogr |
| :::           | zash ... zash ... | expr | ::: | He is not **as** smart **as** he thinks => Tanarkul **zash** tunkûrz **zash** ta ûs |
| as if     | ghungsi | conj | NL, LOS < SV "ghung" (if) + NL "-si" (-like) | You speak so, **as if** you have already defeated the dragon => Figashn zârz **ghungsi** fifaikuz lûgum dok |
| as though | ::: | ::: | ::: | ::: |
| as much ... as ... | zash mak ... zash ... | expr | literal translation | Grab **as much** gold **as** you can carry! => Rop **zash mak** lûr **zash** gipâsh kolut! |
| just as ... so ... (too) | zash ... zârz ... (shuz) | expr | lit. "same ... so ..." | **Just as** body needs exercises to stay healthy, **so** does the mind => **Zash** kraur bolkâ tailurm **zârz** agh samd |
| :::  | zash ... zârz (agh) ... | ::: | ::: | ::: |

==== Adverbial conjunctions of reason ====
These conjunctions start clause describing the cause of action in the main sentence.
^ English ^ Nûrlâm ^ Part of speech ^ Etymology ^ Example ^
| because | taitaga ...(-irzi) | pastp | lit. "caused (by)" < NL "tait-" (to cause) < Gnomish "caith" + Quenya "tyar-" < Etym. "KYAR" | He died **because of** your fault => Taghuruz **taitaga** saugfib**irzi** \\ //(mostly in expression "because of", when cause can be described in one word)//  |
| :::     | zîgah zamash | expr | lit. "from that that", "thence that" | People think I'm insane **because** I am frowning all the time => Hai îstû zamash da trîn **zîgâh zamash** dalork ilûk |
| for | zârzamarz | conj | NL, "zârz" (so, thus, hereby) + "amarz" (how), lit. "thus is how" | Forgive me, father, **for** I have eat your breakfast => Gont dazûr, krank, **zârzamarz** dathrokhuz ashrokilfib |
| since | ghâr | prep, conj | HG < LOS "ghâra" | **Since** you are already here, help yourself! => Bhok îmûr **ghâr** gi(kul) zin dok |
| why | (a)mûr | pro | NL | I don't **why** they have chosen this way => Danarîst **amûr** tak gobhuz za mûl |

^ English ^ Nûrlâm ^ Part of speech ^ Etymology ^ Example ^
| that's why | zîgûr | pro | NL, "for that" | He was shot by the elves, **that's why** he doesn't like them => Tabauzâkuz golugirzi **zîgûr** tanarbrogbul |
| :::        | zazah | pro | NL, "from this" | => Tabauzâkuz golugirzi **zazah** tanarbrogbul |

==== Adverbial conjunctions of consequence ====
These conjunctions mark clause describing the effect of action in the main sentence.
^ English ^ Nûrlâm ^ Part of speech ^ Etymology ^ Example ^
| accordingly | mbursharz | adv | LOS "mbursh-" (to match, fit) | We haven't been paid for a long, **accordingly** we will do nothing => Dakbhagâkuz rodharz, **mbursharz** daknarkrampub ashkon |
| consequently | laskâturmsi | expr | NL < LOS "la" (after) + "skât-" (to come) + "si" (as), lit. "as the result" | Volcanic ashes sent by the Dark Lord shielded the orcs from the Sun, **consequently** they could march towards Gondor faster => Hîsht urunshob hîstaga gothbûrzirzi lazguzû uruk-hai ûzhbo, **laskâturmsi** takpâshuz thûkhut Gunduzgu hîsarzar | 
| hence | zazah | pro | NL, "za" + Elative case suffix "-ah", lit. "from this" | All buildings in Gondor are built of stone, **hence** it's name (Stone City) => Tumbambûk Gunduzgor tumbâkuzû gundob, **zazah** zab îz |
| hereby,\\ so,\\ thus | zârz | pro | NL (so, thus, hereby) | I **hereby** sentence you to exile => **Zârz** danûmpam hîgurmu |
| :::    | zarzi | pro | NL, lit. "by this" | **So** you have chosen death! => **Zarzi** figobhuz gurzum |
| subsequently | hîlarz | adv | LOS "hîl-" (to follow) < Quenya "hilya" | We captured them and **subsequently** tortured prisoners to gain the information => Dakdikuzul agh **hîlarz** dakbalguz glûr nântat îsturm |
| thereby,\\ so,\\ thus | zîgarz | pro | NL < "zîg" (that) | He stood **thus** for almost an hour => Tabinuz **zîgarz** furn ash sib gûth |
| ::: | zîgirzi | pro | NL, lit. "by that" | Hobbit signed the contract, **thereby** got the right on 1/14th of profits => Kudug tanuzâ gîzdum, **zîgirzi** brashuzâ forsh ashir nukhantûrz raunob |
| therefore | dai | conj | DS (therefore, then, in that case) | I think, **therefore** I am => Da ûs, **dai** da kul |
| ::: | zîgah | pro | NL, lit. "from that" | The Fellowship noticed Saruman's spies and **therefore** took another way => Shaukurm kunduzâ nûsh Sharkûb agh zîgah lautuzâ isk mong |
| ::: | zazah | pro | NL, lit. "from this" | There are elves in this forest, **therefore** you should be careful => Golug-hai kulû tauzazor, **zazah** fimaug kulut gîrd |

^ English ^ Nûrlâm ^ Part of speech ^ Etymology ^ Example ^
| by that | zîgarz | pro | NL < "zîg" (that) | Azog carved his name on the Thrór's head and called dwarves beggars, and **by that** ignited the war between Dwarves and Orcs => Azog drabuzâ yaztab kazir Thrôrob agh bugduzâ gazat-hai hasauk, agh **zîgarz** stakuzâ ghûthum gazat-hairi agh uruk-hairi |
| ::: | zîgirzi | pro | NL, lit. "by that" | He shot their leader and **by that** brought the victory => Tabauzuz dughal takob agh **zîgirzi** thraguzâ faikum |
| (that's) how | (za/zîg/zin) amarz | expr | lit.: (this/that/here) how | And **that's how** I met your mother => Agh **zîg amarz** dahoguz krankniz fib |

==== Adverbial conjunctions of condition ====
^ English ^ Nûrlâm ^ Part of speech ^ Etymology ^ Example ^
| **if** | ghung | conj | LOS < SV < SV "ghug" (to be, live, exist) | Run **if** you see a Balrog => Irz **ghung** fikinulg ash Balrog |
| when | amil | pro | NL, relative "when" | **When** in Mordor, do as the Uruk-hai do => **Amil** Uzgbûrzor, kramp oth Uruk-hai krampû |

^ English ^ Nûrlâm ^ Part of speech ^ Etymology ^ Example ^
| if ... then ... | ghung ... dai ... | expr | literal translation | **If** there will be elves **then** kill them => **Ghung** golug kulg zîgin **dai** dogul! |

==== Adverbial conjunctions of purpose ====
Purpose is usually described by clauses with [[grammar_gerundive|gerundive]] or [[grammar_infinitive|infinitive]].

^ English ^ Nûrlâm ^ Part of speech ^ Etymology ^ Example ^
| for | -at | gerundive | TK, RI, analysis from PE 17 | These boots are made **for** walking => Za hobh krampâkuzû ukh**at** |
| in order to | ::: | ::: | ::: | Valar must sink Númenor **in order to** save the human race => Balmâgz maugû drûshut Dhûnshuzg bharn**at** tark-hai |

==== Adverbial conjunctions of cession/drawback ====
See also //adversative// conjunctions.
^ English ^ Nûrlâm ^ Part of speech ^ Etymology ^ Example ^
| anyway | konarz | pro, adv | NL, "kon" (any) + "arz" (adverb suffix) | He warned hobbits that Cirith Ungol is dangerous but they went there **anyway** => Tarazguz kudug zamash Ungrik kul razgûrz, ap takukhuz zîginu **konarz** | 
| :::    | arzkon | ::: | ::: | ::: |
| despite | narhonug ...u | expr | lit. "not looking towards" | Hobbits went to Cirith Ungol **despite** the warning => Kudug ukhuzû Ungriku **narhonug** razgum**u** |
| :::     | puthug ...u | expr | lit. "spitting towards" | They reached Orodruin **despite** all struggle => Takbarluz Urundûmp **puthug u** tadurmûk |

^ English ^ Nûrlâm ^ Part of speech ^ Etymology ^ Example ^
| after all (this) | la (za) ûk | expr | lit. "after this all" | They had a victory **after all** the struggle => Takfaikuz **la** tadurm**ûk** |
| even if\\ even though | yal ghung | conj | lit. "even if" | I would not fight the Balrog **even if** you offer me all the money => Danartadulg Balrogum **yal ghung** fithrâhulgiz draugumûk |
| despite (the fact that),\\ in spite of,\\ regardless of that | narhonug zîgu | expr | lit. "not looking towards that" | Orodruin was erupting, **regardless of that fact** it was cold nearby => Urundûmp zgabuzâ, **narhonug zîgu** kuzâ grazarz mush | 
| with all (this) | zasha ûk | expr | lit. "with this all" | **With all** his rough speech, he is a nice person deeply in heart => **Zasha** lâmpîgtab**ûk**, ta kul shranîr nodor dhun |

-------------------------------------------------------
===== Adverbial conjunctions of several functions =====
Many adverbial conjunctions of time and place may be used also for reason and consequences. And some conjunctions have several functions in English but translated differently into Nûrlâm.

^ English ^ Nûrlâm ^ Part of speech ^ Etymology ^ Example ^
| as (similarity) | si | postp | NL < Quenya "sívë", Sindarin "sui" | He is brave **as** a lion => Ta for ash ror**si** |
| as (simultaneous, time) | kusn | prep | see "while" | The signs started to glow **as** the moon appeared on the sky => Tan ghâzhuzûtîs **kusn** shil thakuzâtûk nûtir |
| hence (place)  | zinah | pro, adv | lit. "from this place" | I'm going **hence** because you party is boring => Da ukh **zinah** taitaga birtgibirzi frâd  |
| hence (time)   | zilah | pro, adv | lit. "from this time" | Our journey will take a year **hence** => Gaburm dakob frunubâ ash lau **zilah** |
| hence (reason/result) | zazah | pro, conj | lit. "from this" | Mithril is very rare, **hence** very expensive => Thîribir kulâ raih sharz, **zazah** turkûrz sharz |
| just (recently, immediately) | -îs((about unfinished actions)) | adv, suffix | NL < LOS "îs-" (to begin) | Somebody **just** started to knock at the door => Ashmûd tuhuz(ât)**îs** pandu  |
| ::: | -ûn((about finished actions)) | adv, suffix | NL < LOS "ûn" (new) < HG | Somebody **just** knocked at the door => Ashmûd tuhuz(ât)**ûn** pandu | 
| just (a little, barely, probably) | -âzh | adv, suffix | NL | Open the gate **just** a little! => Badz**âzh** hûm! |
| just (only, simply, exactly) | tug | adv | EL | I'm **just** a modest worker => Dakul **tug** ash bulal zaud |
| since (reason/time) | ghâr | prep | HG < LOS "ghâra" (from) | **Since** you have finished your task, here is one new for you! => **Ghâr** figorzuz bulfib, pot ash (bul)gin fizûr |
| :::   | amilah((see whence)) | pro | lit. "from time" | I haven't eaten **since** yesterday => Danarthrokhuz **amilah** ârshik |
| so  | zârz | pro | | Why do you speak **so**? => Mûr figashn **zârz**? |
| ::: | zarzi | pro | lit. "by this" | **So** you have chosen death => **Zârzi** figobhuz gurzum |
| so (comparison) | zash | pro | | She is **so** beautiful! => Na **zash** nîr! |
| still | zizil | conj | lit. "until this time" | Stone trolls are **still** standing where Bilbo met them => Gundolog binû zizil **amin** Bilbo taduzâtul |
| :::   | rad | conj | LOS ("now") | I'm **still** loving you => Dabrogbam**rad** |
| then (consequence) | dai | conj | DS | If you want be healthy **then** exercise regularly => Ghung fihiz kulut môglûrz **dai** tailok |
| then (at that time)  | zîgil | pro, adv | lit. "that time" | We didn't know about this **then** => Daknarîstuz gus za **zîgil** |
| :::  | rîg | adv | LOS "rad" (now) + SV "atîg" (there) | It doesn't seem important back **then** => Za narbozduz horm **rîg** |
| then (next in time) | la | adv | LOS | And **then** there was silence => Agh **la** kuzâ ghilurm |
| ::: | lârz | adv | LOS "la" + adverb ending "-arz" | And **then** there were none => Agh **lârz** nan irnuzû |
| thence (time) | zîgilah | pro | lit. "from that time" | They have returned a year **thence** => Tak kruskâtuz ash lau **zîgilah** |
| thence (place) | zîginah | pro | lit. "from that place" | They travelled to Misty Mountains and **thence** to Lothlórien => Tak haruz Rodu Hizgûrz agh **zîginah** Uzglûrzu |
| thence (consequence) | zîgah | pro | lit. "from that" | You're lazy, **thence** I will not pay you => Gi frûz, **zîgah** danarbhagubaf |
| when (time) | amil | pro | SV "il" (time) | He was already dead **when** I came => Takuz gûrz dok **amil** daskâtuz |
| when (condition) | ::: | ::: | ::: | **When** in Mordor, do as the Uruk-hai do => **Amil** Uzgbûrzor, kramp oth Uruk-hai krampû |
| whence (place) | (a)minah | pro | lit. "from where" | **Whence** does he come? => **Minah** taskâtuz? |
| whence (reason, cause) | zîgah | pro | lit. "from that" | This job is dangerous, **whence** the high reward => Za bul razgûrz, zîgah târ raunum |
| while (time) | kusn | conj | SV | Everyone died **while** he was wandering => Ashûgh matuz **kusn** tagabuz |
| while (contrast) | nân | conj | LOS < Quenya "nan" (but, on the contrary, on the other hand), "ono" | **While** Dark Lord is revered, he is not liked by the orcs => **Nân** Gothbûrz gorthâkâ, tanarkul brogbaga urukirzi |
| yet (time) | rad | adv | LOS ("now") | The ring wasn't found **yet** => Nazgum nargimbâkuzâ **rad** |
| ::: | zilu | pro | lit. "to this time" | Why the food is not here **yet**? => Mûr throk narkulâ zin **zilu**? |
| ::: | zizil | conj, adv | lit. "until this time" | Orcs didn't conquer the world **yet** => Uruk-hai narpaikuzû thard **zizil** |
| yet (contrast) | marzkon | pro | "however" | The wizard fell into the abyss **yet** survived => Saunorum lûmpuzâ skâmbumishi **marzkon** kibruzâ |

^ English ^ Nûrlâm ^ Part of speech ^ Etymology ^ Example ^
| as far as (place) | ::: | ::: | ::: | Their land stretches **as far as** the sea => Uzg takob sîga **zash baubarz zash** kârshum |
| as far as (time) | zash baubarz zash | conj | literal translation | The war goes **as far** back **as** 2793 of the Third Age => Ghûthum ukhâ krut **zash baubarz zash** lau krul mink agh udug tusk agh krithnuk agh krig kûrmob krigûrz |
| as far as (gradation, descriptive) | zash mak zash | lit. "as much as" | ::: | **As far as** I know, Balrogs do not have real wings => **Zash mak zash** da îst, Balrog narbrusû skoir kog |
| as far as (concerning, regarding) | zamash gus | conj | lit. "that about" | **As far as** I'm concerned, this plan is a mistake => **Zamash gus** da, (da ûs) za panturm kulâ ash saug |
| as long as (time) | zash rodharz zash | conj | literal translation | You can stay at our home **as long as** you wish => Gipâsh irnut mokhor dakob **zash rodharz zash** gi irm |
| so long as (place) | ::: | ::: | more like "so long as" | Grishnákh's arms are **so long as** he all => Bazg Grishnâkhob kulû **zash rodharz zash** ta ûk |
| as long as (condition) | ghung | conj | lit. "if" | You are allowed to enter **as long as** you leave your weapon outside => Gidabhâk shiskut **ghung** girangub yak gib lût |

--------------------

===== See also =====
  * [[Adpositions]];
  * [[proform|Pro-forms]];
  * [[syntax_complex|Complex sentences]];
  * [[syntax_parenthesis|Parenthesis]];
  * [[wp>Conjunction_(grammar)|Conjunctions in Wikipedia]] (English);
  * [[wp>Conjunctive_adverb|Conjunctive adverbs in Wikipedia]]
  * [[https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%8E%D0%B7_(%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C_%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B8)|Conjunctions in Wikipedia]] (Russian)