====== Essive case ======
**//Essive case//** ([[abbreviations|abbreviated]] as ESS) is the grammatical [[grammar_case|case]] used to describe state of noun or pronoun. It is marked with [[clitics|clitic]] [[adpositions|postposition]] "-si" for both [[declension classes]]. Its most common function in [[Nûrlâm]] is to make comparisons, while in other languages it has much broader use (like marking time-related nouns in Finnish, or to express //antipassive// in dead [[hurrian_hypothesis|Hurrian language]]). So //Essive case// of Nûrlâm is closer to //Equative//, //Associative//, //Similative// (//Similaris//), //Comparative//, //Identical// cases of other languages, and these terms may be used to describe it. Essive case transforms nouns and pronouns from subject or object into [[syntax_determiner|adjectival]] or [[syntax_adverbials|adverbial phrase]]. It may also be a part of complex [[syntax_predicate|predicate]] (//predicative//). Typical applications of Essive case in Nûrlâm include:
  * To compare similarity:
    * To make description of subject or object by comparing it with noun or pronoun. It is similar to adding English clitic particle "-like": "This animal is wolf-like" = "Za bork kulâ harg__si__", "I'm tired of this pig-like person" = "Dakul kûbraga shrab bûb__si__";
    * To compare adjective with noun (e.g. "slick as fish"), paired with preposition "oth" (as, like, similar to): "tât skab__si__";
    * To express close similarity or equality of two objects, using additional preposition-like adjective "zash" (same): "This ring is the same as one that I gave you a year ago" = "Za nazg kulâ zash nazgum__si__ zamash dathrâkuzam ash ûzhraug krut"((lit. "This ring is the same as the ring that I gave you one year back"));
    * To compare two objects using some adjective: "He is as tall as a giant" = "Takul târ nûr__si__"((consonants merged at joint of "nûrs" + "si"));
    * To compare some quality of an action: "He is working like an ox" = "Tabul gag__si__" = "He works as hard as an ox", "Run like rabbit" = "Irz tap__si__" = "Run as fast as rabbit". Similar to next example but expression is figurative.
    * To make adjectival phrase similar to English adjectives ending with "-ly" or "-ish" with same meaning as "-like", "behaving like": "snagasi" = "slavish", "servile" (literally "slave-like").
  * To express title or appointments, similar to previous and next examples: "He works as a doctor" = "Tabul shartal__si__", "As a ruler of Mordor I order you to conquer Gondor" = "Durbal__si__ Uzgbûrzob dakazhaf paikat Gunduzg"((normally "as a ruler of Mordor" should be placed at the end of the sentence, but we make emphasis on this title rather than on "I")).
  * To express state (temporal or stable), connected to time, age or quality: "I knew him as a child" = "Daîstuzan khind__si__" = "I knew him when he was child", "As your friend I advice you not to go there" = "Shauk__si__ fib dathrâham narukhat zîginu"((shauk-si fi-b da-thrâh-am nar-ukh-at zîg-in-u\\ friend=ESS you=GEN 1SG=advice-2SG.OBJ NEG-go-GERV that-place=ALL\\ lit. "As a friend of you I advice you not to go to that place (thither)")).