Lessons

•  Introduction
•  Lesson I – Background information
•  Lesson II – Black Speech Sounds and Pronunciation
•  Lesson III – Nouns
•  Lesson IV – Verbs: Infinitive and Present Tense
•  Lesson V – Verbs: Future Tense
•  Lesson VI – Adjectives and Word Order
•  Lesson VII – Pre- and Postpositions, Noun Cases, Phrase Verbs
•  Lesson VIII – Verbs: Past Tense
•  Lesson IX – Numbers
•  Lesson X – Pronouns and Commands (Imperatives)

•  * Lesson XI – Adverbs, Gerund
•  * Lesson XII – Comparisons
•  * Lesson XIII – Suffix Order and Indirect Objects
•  * Lesson XIV – Questions
•  * Lesson XV – Participles and Passive Voice
•  * Lesson XVI – Conditional and Subjunctive Moods
•  Appendix A: Prefixes and Suffixes
•  Appendix B: Grammar quick overview
•  Appendix C: Measures, Directions, Army Ranks
•  Appendix D: List Of Abbreviations
•  Appendix E: Canonical Tolkien's Black Speech

Appendix C: Measures, Directions, Army Ranks

Weights and Measures

Measure	Unit	Approx. equivalent
distance	fra	~ 0.198 m (1 foot ~ 0.65 British feet, orcs were smaller than humans according to Tolkien)
distance	glâd	~ 0.396 m (2 orcish feet, ~ 1.3 British feet)
distance	frak	~ 0.594 m (lit. 1 step = 3 orcish feet)
distance	fraum	~ 5940 m (10000 orcish steps, ~ 3.2 sea miles, ~ 1.07 sea lieue (sea leagues), ~ 1.23 leagues)
weight	bur	~ 0.907 kg (2 pounds)
volume	parz	~ 0.426 l (1 ½ cups)

Directions

By Rob Eaglestone

North	talân
South	latân
East	ghânsh
West	ânud

Orc Army Ranks

Original table, which can be found here, is awful for anybody who knows the army ranks despite his country. So there's mine below. Note: It's hard to give equivalents because modern army consists of approximately 100 000 soldiers but ancient and especially European middle-ages armies were much lesser (may be the only exception is The Roman Empire). In example, in Middle-Earth total orc population was about 100 000 soldiers, Rohan's army consisted of about 10 000 riders (after the battle at Helm's Deep). Aragorn tried to attack Mordor Gates with 6000 soldiers.

Rank	Equivalent	Commands	Number of soldiers in command
pizurk	Private	–	–
pizgal	Corporal	Squad	10
piztur	Sergeant/Lieutenant	Platoon	30 – 50
pizbûr	Captain	Company	100 – 200
pizdur	Major/Lieutenant Colonel	Battalion	500
mautor	Colonel	Regiment	1000
maugoth	General	Army	10,000

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